Hula is far more than just a dance; it’s a living, breathing story of Hawaii, passed down through generations. Every sway of the hips, every graceful hand gesture, every chanted word carries the weight of Hawaiian history, mythology, and spirit. It’s a powerful connection to the ʻāina (land) and the akua (gods), and understanding its depth unlocks a profound appreciation for Hawaiian culture.
The Origins and Evolution of Hula
The exact origins of hula are shrouded in the mists of time, but Hawaiian oral tradition tells us that it was born from the goddess Hiʻiaka, sister of the volcano goddess Pele. Legend says that Hiʻiaka danced to appease Pele, creating the first hula and thus ensuring the continuation of life and the connection between powerful forces of nature. Initial styles were most likely very simple, yet the movement itself was considered holy and sacred.
Over centuries, hula evolved, taking on many forms to reflect different stories, occasions, and regions. The ancient hula, known as Hula Kahiko, was deeply spiritual and ritualistic. Performed to honor the gods, chiefs, and important events, it was accompanied by chanting (oli) and percussion instruments like the pahu (sharkskin drum), ipu heke (double gourd), and ʻiliʻili (water-worn pebbles). Costumes in this era are minimalist, often made of natural fabrics like kapa (barkcloth) as well as various leis and adornments utilizing local foliage.
The arrival of Western missionaries in the 19th century brought significant challenges for the survival of hula. Viewed as pagan and sensual, hula was suppressed and almost vanished completely. However, it was kept alive in secret by loyal Hawaiians who understood its cultural significance. King David Kalākaua, known as the “Merrie Monarch,” played a crucial role in the hula’s revival. He openly celebrated and promoted Hawaiian traditions, including staging public hula performances and encouraging its development. This period marked the beginning of the Hula ʻAuana, a more modern style influenced by Western music and instruments, such as the ukulele and guitar, along with more graceful and flowing costumes.
Hula Kahiko vs. Hula ʻAuana: Understanding the Differences
While both Hula Kahiko and Hula ʻAuana tell stories, they differ drastically in their style, music, and purpose.
Hula Kahiko (ancient hula):
Purpose: Religious ceremonies, honoring deities, recording history, and celebrating chiefs.
Music: Percussion instruments such as the pahu (drum), ipu heke (gourd drum), and ʻiliʻili (pebbles), and oli (chanting).
Costumes: Traditional attire made of natural materials like kapa (barkcloth), leaves, and feathers, often revealing more skin. Leis are a common adornment, made of native foliage.
Movement: Strong, vigorous, and often stylized movements that reflect the chant’s meaning. Stance is generally low, emphasizing the connection to the earth.
Hula ʻAuana (modern hula):
Purpose: Entertainment, storytelling, celebrating modern Hawaiian life, and sharing aloha.
Music: Stringed instruments like the ukulele, guitar, and bass, along with melodic singing.
Costumes: Often feature brightly colored fabrics, flowing dresses, and leis made of various flowers and materials. More modest attire, reflecting Western influence.
Movement: Graceful, flowing movements, often with a focus on the beauty of the hands and the interpretation of the lyrics.
The Language of Hula: Hand Gestures and Meaning
Every movement in hula has a specific meaning, making it a powerful form of communication. The hands play a crucial role, often acting as visual representations of the words being chanted or sung. Here are some examples:
Waves: Can represent the ocean, a breeze, or even movement in life.
Mountains: Hands form peaks, symbolizing the majestic landscapes of Hawaii.
Rain: Fingers flutter downward, depicting the gentle or heavy rainfall.
Flowers: Hands cup as if holding a delicate flower, showcasing its beauty and fragrance.
The Self: Touching your heart or pointing to yourself represents “I” or “me.”
Learning these gestures provides a deeper understanding of the stories being told through hula. But remember, the nuances of each gesture can change depending on the context of the song or chant, so paying close attention to the kumu hula (hula teacher) and the overall story is key.
Learning Hula: Finding Your Rhythm
Whether you’re interested in simply understanding hula better or actively learning to dance, several avenues exist to help you connect with this beautiful art form. It requires dedication, respect, and a willingness to immerse yourself in Hawaiian culture.
Finding a Kumu Hula (Hula Teacher)
The best way to learn hula is from a reputable kumu hula. A kumu hula is more than just a dance teacher; they are cultural keepers, passing down the traditions, history, and spirituality of hula. Look for a kumu with years of experience, a strong lineage (connection to previous kumu), and a teaching style that resonates with you. Be prepared to commit to the learning process, as it often involves not just dance steps but also the study of Hawaiian language, culture, and protocols.
Where to look:
Local Hawaiian Cultural Centers: These centers often offer hula classes for all levels and can connect you with established kumu.
Hālau Hula (Hula Schools): Research hālau in your area (or in Hawaii if you’re planning a trip) and inquire about their kumu and teaching philosophy.
Community Colleges and Universities: Some educational institutions offer hula courses taught by qualified instructors.
What to expect:
Auditions or Introductory Classes: Some hālau require potential students to audition or attend an introductory class to assess their aptitude and commitment.
Commitment: Hula is not just a hobby; it’s a lifestyle. Be prepared to dedicate time and effort to learning the dance, music, and culture.
Respect: Show respect for the kumu, the other students, and the traditions of hula.
Hula Classes: What to Expect
A typical hula class usually starts with a pule (prayer) to honor the ancestors and seek guidance. Classes then move into basic steps and movements, gradually building up to more complex choreography. Students will also learn about the meaning behind the dances, the history of the songs, and the proper etiquette for performing and celebrating hula. Memorization of chants and songs in the Hawaiian language is frequently expected.
What to wear:
Comfortable clothing that allows for easy movement (e.g., leggings, t-shirt, pareo).
Bare feet are common, but some classes may allow socks or dance shoes.
A lei or flower in your hair is optional but adds to the spirit of the dance.
Cost: Hula classes can range in price depending on the kumu, the hālau, and the location. Typically, you can expect to pay anywhere from $50 to $150 per month for weekly classes. Some hālau may also charge additional fees for costumes, workshops, and performances.
Learning Hula on Your Own (Beginner Steps)
While learning from a kumu hula is highly recommended, there are ways to familiarize yourself with hula basics on your own. This can be a great starting point before committing to formal classes, or simply to deepen your appreciation of the dance.
Online Resources: YouTube channels and websites dedicated to Hawaiian culture often offer introductory hula lessons. Look for reputable sources led by experienced instructors.
Books and DVDs: Several books and DVDs provide step-by-step instructions on basic hula steps and hand gestures. Be sure to choose resources that emphasize cultural context and respect.
Important Considerations:
Authenticity: Be mindful of cultural appropriation and ensure that your learning is respectful and accurate. Look for resources created by Native Hawaiian instructors.
Cultural Sensitivity: Treat hula as more than just a dance. It’s a cultural expression with deep spiritual roots. Approach it with humility and a willingness to learn about its history and significance.
Experiencing Hula: Performances and Festivals
One of the best ways to experience the magic of hula is to attend a performance or festival. These events offer a glimpse into the vibrant world of Hawaiian dance, music, and culture.
The Merrie Monarch Festival: A Celebration of Hula
The annual Merrie Monarch Festival in Hilo, Hawaii, is the most prestigious hula competition in the world. Held every spring (usually in April), it attracts hālau from across Hawaii and beyond, showcasing their talents in both Hula Kahiko and Hula ʻAuana. Tickets to the festival are highly sought after and can be difficult to obtain, but watching the performances online or on television provides an excellent way to experience the artistry and cultural significance of Merrie Monarch.
Planning Your Visit:
Book Accommodations Early: Hilo hotels and accommodations fill up quickly during the festival. Make your reservations well in advance.
Attend Free Events: Even if you can’t get tickets to the main competition, there are free events and demonstrations throughout the week, including craft fairs, hula workshops, and public performances.
Respect the Culture: Remember that the Merrie Monarch Festival is a cultural event, not just a tourist attraction. Dress respectfully and be mindful of local customs.
Local Hula Performances: Finding Authentic Experiences
Beyond the Merrie Monarch Festival, many hotels, resorts, cultural centers, and community events in Hawaii offer hula performances. These can be a more accessible and intimate way to experience hula.
Recommendations:
Polynesian Cultural Center (Oahu): The PCC offers elaborate shows featuring hula and other Polynesian dances. While commercialized, it is a high-production, engaging performance.
Smaller Cultural Centers and Luaus: Look for smaller, locally run cultural centers and luaus that prioritize authenticity and cultural education. These often offer a more intimate and meaningful experience.
Check Local Listings: Consult local newspapers, websites, and visitor information centers for listings of hula performances and cultural events.
Tips for a Respectful Experience:
Arrive on Time: Punctuality shows respect for the performers and the culture.
Dress Appropriately: Avoid overly casual or revealing attire.
Show Appreciation: Clap enthusiastically and offer a heartfelt “mahalo” (thank you) after the performance.
Avoid Distractions: Turn off your cell phone and refrain from talking during the performance.
Hula Beyond Hawaii
Even if you can’t travel to Hawaii, you can still find opportunities to experience hula in your own community. Many Hawaiian cultural organizations and hālau operate around the world, offering classes, workshops, and performances. Attending these events can be a wonderful way to connect with Hawaiian culture and support its preservation.
The Role of Hula in Modern Hawaiian Culture
Hula has emerged as an essential part of modern Hawaiian life and helps to maintain a connection with the past even as Hawaii faces the challenges of globalization and tourism. It teaches younger generations about their cultural identity while serving as means of healing, expression, and community connection. Hula performances are integral to special events, celebrations, and demonstrations of cultural pride.
With the Hawaiian language regaining prominence, hula becomes a powerful instrument for language preservation and teaching. Modern kumu (teachers) are dedicated to cultural revival by infusing traditional knowledge and customs in their instruction. Hula remains an essential vehicle for reinforcing the stories, values, and ancestral bonds of the Hawaiian people in a time of increasing change.
FAQ Section: Your Hula Questions Answered
What does “hula” actually mean?
While there isn’t a single, definitive translation of “hula,” it generally refers to a dance, a movement, or a way of expressing oneself through rhythmic gestures and storytelling. It’s much more than just the steps; it encompasses the entire spirit of the dance, including the music, the chants, and the emotions conveyed.
Is it okay for non-Hawaiians to learn hula?
Yes, it is generally considered acceptable for non-Hawaiians to learn hula, as long as it’s done with respect, humility, and a genuine desire to understand the culture. The key is to approach hula as more than just a dance form; it’s a cultural expression with deep spiritual roots. Seek out reputable kumu hula and hālau that emphasize cultural education and avoid cultural appropriation. The spirit of aloha (love and compassion) is core to the Hawaiian culture, and it’s important to embody that spirit in your learning and practice.
What is a lei?
A lei is a garland or necklace of flowers, leaves, shells, seeds, or other materials. It is a symbol of aloha, love, friendship, honor, or greeting. Leis are often given as gifts or worn for special occasions. Different types of flowers and materials can have different meanings, adding another layer of symbolism to the lei. Learn more about Hawaiian leis and their meanings.
How can I be respectful when watching a hula performance?
Being respectful at a hula performance involves several key things: arrive on time, dress respectfully (avoid overly casual or revealing attire), show appreciation through enthusiastic applause and a heartfelt “mahalo” (thank you), and avoid distractions like cell phones or talking during the performance. Remember that hula is more than just entertainment; it’s a cultural expression with deep spiritual roots, so treat it with reverence and appreciation.
Can I learn hula online?
Yes, you can find introductory hula lessons online. However, learning from a kumu hula in person offers a more authentic and comprehensive experience. Online resources can be a great starting point, but it’s important to supplement them with cultural education and, if possible, in-person instruction from a reputable source.
References
Kanahele, G. S. (1986). Ku Kanaka: Stand Tall. University of Hawaii Press.
Tatar, E. (1987). Hula Pahu: Hawaiian Drum Dances, Volume 1. Ha’a and Hula Pahu: Sacred Movements. Bishop Museum Press.
McGregor-Alegado, D. (2009). Sharing Aloha. Mutual Publishing.
Ready to dive deeper into the captivating world of hula? Explore local Hawaiian cultural centers, attend a performance, or even try an introductory class. Even if you’re not in Hawaii, many communities worldwide offer hula instruction and cultural events. You might be surprised when you discover how profoundly enriching the experience is. Embrace the spirit of aloha and let the dance guide you into a deeper understanding of Hawaiian culture and history. Start your journey today!
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