Hula is far more than just a dance; it’s the heartbeat of Hawaiian culture, a living, breathing chronicle of its history, values, and spirit. It’s a deeply meaningful art form that uses graceful movements, evocative chants, and vibrant costumes to tell stories of gods and goddesses, chiefs and commoners, love and loss, the beauty of nature, and the everyday experiences of the Hawaiian people.
The Origins and Evolution of Hula
The true origins of hula are shrouded in mystery, passed down through generations via oral tradition. However, legend points to Laka, the goddess of hula, as its originator. It is believed that she was born on the island of Moloka’i, a place now considered the spiritual home of hula. Ancient hula, or hula kahiko, served as a powerful tool for preserving history, genealogy, and traditions in a society that lacked a written language. These dances were deeply spiritual, often performed during religious ceremonies to honor the gods and ensure fertility, prosperity, and good fortune. Chants, known as oli, accompanied the dances, providing the narrative framework and imbuing the movements with meaning.
With the arrival of Western missionaries in the 19th century, hula faced severe repression. The missionaries viewed it as a pagan and sexually suggestive practice, leading to its almost complete suppression. Public performances were banned, and those who continued to practice hula did so in secrecy, preserving its essence against all odds. It was during the reign of King David Kalākaua (1874-1891), known as the “Merrie Monarch,” that hula experienced a resurgence. He openly embraced Hawaiian culture and actively encouraged the revival of traditional arts, including hula. This period saw the birth of hula ʻauana, a more modern and accessible form of hula that incorporated Western instruments and themes.
Understanding Hula Kahiko: The Ancient Dance
Hula kahiko is the traditional form of hula, characterized by its powerful movements, rhythmic chanting, and use of traditional instruments like the ipu heke (double gourd drum), pūʻili (split bamboo sticks), ʻiliʻili (smooth stones), and kālaʻau (rattles). The dances are often performed barefoot, connecting the dancers to the earth and grounding their movements. The costumes are minimalistic, typically made from natural materials like kapa (bark cloth) and adorned with leaves, flowers, and shells. A key example is a hula honoring Pele, the volcano goddess. The movements are powerful and dramatic, mimicking the eruptions and flowing lava, while the chant tells the story of her creation and her fiery temper. The dancer might wear a skirt of ti leaves and adorn themselves with red lehua blossoms, symbolizing Pele’s connection to the volcanic landscape.
Learning hula kahiko requires dedication and respect. It’s not just about mastering the steps; it’s about understanding the history, the language, and the cultural context. Many hālau hula (hula schools) offer classes, but finding a reputable teacher is crucial. Look for a kumu hula (hula teacher) who has a deep understanding of Hawaiian culture and who is committed to preserving the traditions. Before enrolling in a class, research the kumu hula and their lineage. Ask about their teaching philosophy and their commitment to cultural preservation. Many hālau hula also require students to participate in cultural activities and community service projects, further immersing them in the Hawaiian culture.
Exploring Hula ʻAuana: The Modern Expression
Hula ʻauana, the modern form of hula, is characterized by its graceful movements, melodic songs, and use of Western instruments like the ukulele, guitar, and bass. The dances are often performed in elaborate costumes, showcasing vibrant colors and intricate designs. Hula ʻauana tells stories of contemporary life, love, and the beauty of the Hawaiian Islands. For instance, a hula about Diamond Head might feature graceful movements that mimic the gentle sway of the palm trees and the rolling waves of the ocean. The song would describe the iconic landmark and its significance to the Hawaiian people. The dancer might wear a long, flowing dress adorned with floral patterns, embodying the beauty and serenity of the island landscape. Hula ʻauana is often performed at luaus and other cultural events, providing a welcoming and entertaining introduction to Hawaiian culture for visitors.
If you’re interested in experiencing hula ʻauana, attending a luau is a great option. Many luaus offer spectacular hula performances, along with traditional Hawaiian food, music, and crafts. The Old Lahaina Luau on Maui is consistently rated as one of the best in Hawaii. Tickets typically cost around $150-$200 per person and include dinner, drinks, and entertainment. Alternatively, you can find free hula performances at various venues throughout the islands, such as shopping centers, parks, and cultural centers. Check local event listings for schedules and locations. For example, the Royal Hawaiian Center in Waikiki offers free hula shows several times a week. You can also take a beginner’s hula class at many dance studios and community centers. These classes typically cost around $20-$30 per session.
The Instruments of Hula: Voices of Tradition
The instruments used in hula are not merely accompaniments; they are integral voices in the storytelling. The ipu heke, a double gourd drum, is considered the most sacred of all hula instruments. Its resonant sound provides the rhythmic foundation for the dance and is believed to connect the dancers to the earth. The pūʻili, split bamboo sticks, create a percussive sound that mimics the rustling of leaves or the sound of rain. The ʻiliʻili, smooth stones, are clacked together to create a sharp, rhythmic sound that adds energy and excitement to the dance. The kālaʻau, rattles filled with seeds or pebbles, are shaken to create a buzzing sound that represents the energy of life. And in Hula ‘Auana, the Ukulele, with its bright and cheerful tone, is used to set the tone for songs about love and contemporary life
Many cultural centers and museums offer workshops on how to make and play these traditional instruments. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu, for example, often hosts workshops on kapa making and traditional Hawaiian instrument construction. These workshops provide a hands-on experience and a deeper understanding of the cultural significance of these instruments. The cost of these workshops typically ranges from $30-$50 per person. You can also find online tutorials and resources on how to make simple hula instruments, such as pūʻili from bamboo or ʻiliʻili from smooth stones. Remember to treat these instruments with respect and reverence, as they are considered sacred objects by many Hawaiians.
Costumes and Adornments: The Language of Appearance
The costumes and adornments worn by hula dancers are not merely decorative; they are a visual language that communicates the story and the spirit of the dance. In hula kahiko, costumes are typically minimalistic, made from natural materials like kapa (bark cloth) and adorned with leaves, flowers, and shells. The lei (garland) is an essential element of the costume, symbolizing love, respect, and honor. Each flower and leaf used in the lei has a specific meaning, adding another layer of depth to the dance. For example, a lei made of pikake flowers represents love and romance, while a lei made of maile leaves represents peace and harmony. Ti leaves are often used in skirts and headbands, representing protection and spiritual power. In hula ʻauana, costumes are more elaborate, showcasing vibrant colors and intricate designs. Long, flowing dresses adorned with floral patterns are common, reflecting the beauty and serenity of the Hawaiian landscape. The use of fabrics like silk and satin adds a touch of elegance and sophistication to the dance.
If you want to create your own hula costume, you can find a variety of resources online and in local craft stores. Fabric stores in Hawaii often carry fabrics with Hawaiian prints, such as floral patterns, tapa designs, and scenic landscapes. You can also find pre-made lei and other adornments at craft fairs and farmers’ markets. When creating your costume, be mindful of the cultural significance of the materials and designs you use. Avoid using sacred materials or designs in a disrespectful manner. For example, the feathers of certain rare birds are considered sacred and should not be used without permission from a cultural practitioner. It is always best to consult with a kumu hula or a cultural expert before creating a hula costume to ensure that you are doing so in a respectful and culturally appropriate way.
The Significance of Chant: The Voice of the Story
Chant, or oli, is an integral part of hula, providing the narrative framework and imbuing the movements with meaning. Oli are often ancient poems or stories that have been passed down through generations. They are recited in a rhythmic and melodic manner, using a variety of vocal techniques to create a powerful and evocative atmosphere. The chanter, or oli leader, plays a crucial role in setting the tone and guiding the dancers. They must have a deep understanding of the language, the history, and the cultural context of the chant. The words of the chant are carefully chosen to convey the meaning of the story and to evoke specific emotions in the audience. The rhythm and melody of the chant are also carefully crafted to complement the movements of the dance.
Learning oli requires a significant commitment to studying and memorizing the chants. Many hālau hula offer classes in oli, where students can learn the proper pronunciation, intonation, and rhythm. It is important to find a qualified teacher who is knowledgeable about the language and the cultural context of the chants. Online resources, such as dictionaries and pronunciation guides, can also be helpful. However, it is important to be aware that some chants are considered sacred and should only be learned with the permission of a kumu hula. Listen to recordings of traditional chants and try to imitate the pronunciation and intonation. Practice reciting the chants regularly to improve your memory and your vocal technique.
Hula Today: A Living Tradition
Hula continues to thrive in Hawaii and around the world, evolving and adapting to contemporary times while remaining deeply rooted in its traditions. It is a vibrant art form that is constantly being reinterpreted and reimagined by new generations of dancers and kumu hula. Hula plays a vital role in preserving and promoting Hawaiian culture, language, and values. It is taught in schools, community centers, and hālau hula throughout the islands. Hula is also performed at cultural events, festivals, and competitions, showcasing the beauty and artistry of the dance. The Merrie Monarch Festival, held annually in Hilo, Hawaii, is the most prestigious hula competition in the world. It attracts hālau hula from around the globe and celebrates the legacy of King David Kalākaua, the “Merrie Monarch” who revived hula in the 19th century.
When visiting Hawaii, there are many opportunities to experience hula and learn more about its cultural significance. Attend a luau, visit a cultural center, or take a hula class. Support local artists and businesses that are committed to preserving and promoting Hawaiian culture. Be respectful of the traditions and customs of the Hawaiian people. Learn a few basic Hawaiian phrases, such as “aloha” (hello, goodbye, love) and “mahalo” (thank you). Be mindful of your interactions with the land and the ocean. Avoid littering and be respectful of sacred sites. By showing respect for the Hawaiian culture, you can help to ensure that hula continues to thrive for generations to come.
Tips for Experiencing Hula Respectfully
Experiencing hula goes beyond just watching a performance. It’s about engaging with the culture in a respectful and meaningful way. Here are a few tips to help you do just that:
Do your research: Before attending a performance or taking a class, learn a little about the history and cultural significance of hula. This will help you appreciate the dance on a deeper level.
Dress appropriately: When attending a hula performance, dress respectfully. Avoid wearing revealing clothing or anything that might be considered offensive.
Show your appreciation: Clap at the end of a performance to show your appreciation for the dancers and the musicians. You can also offer a lei or a small gift to the performers as a sign of respect.
Ask questions: If you have questions about hula, don’t hesitate to ask. Most performers and teachers are happy to share their knowledge and passion for the dance.
Be mindful of photography: Ask permission before taking photos or videos of hula performances. Some performers may not want their images to be shared online.
Support local artists: Buy souvenirs and gifts from local artists and businesses that are committed to preserving and promoting Hawaiian culture.
Learn a few Hawaiian phrases: Learning a few basic Hawaiian phrases, such as “aloha” (hello, goodbye, love) and “mahalo” (thank you), will show that you are making an effort to connect with the culture.
Be respectful of the land and the ocean: Hawaii is a beautiful and sacred place. Be mindful of your impact on the environment and be respectful of sacred sites.
The Merrie Monarch Festival: A Celebration of Hula
The Merrie Monarch Festival, held annually in Hilo, Hawaii, is the most prestigious hula competition in the world. Named after King David Kalākaua, the “Merrie Monarch,” the festival celebrates the legacy of the king who revived hula in the 19th century. The festival features three nights of competition, showcasing the best hālau hula from around the globe. The hālau compete in both hula kahiko and hula ʻauana categories, and the winners are crowned the “Miss Aloha Hula” and the “Overall Champion.”
Attending the Merrie Monarch Festival is a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Tickets are extremely difficult to obtain, as they are usually sold out months in advance. However, you can watch the competition live on television or online. The festival also includes a week of cultural events, such as craft fairs, hula workshops, and cultural demonstrations. If you are planning to attend the festival, be sure to book your accommodations well in advance, as Hilo is a popular destination during the festival period. The festival provides a unique opportunity to witness the beauty and artistry of hula and to learn more about Hawaiian culture.
Learning Hula: Finding Your Own Rhythm
If you’re inspired to learn hula, there are many ways to get started. Whether you are in Hawaii or not, there are opportunities to study the art form. Start by looking for reputable hālau hula (hula schools) in your area. Many community centers and dance studios offer beginner’s hula classes. When choosing a hālau hula, it is important to find a qualified and experienced kumu hula (hula teacher) who is knowledgeable about Hawaiian culture and committed to preserving the traditions. Look for a kumu hula who has a strong lineage and a proven track record of teaching hula. The cost of hula classes can vary depending on the location and the level of instruction. Beginner’s classes typically cost around $20-$30 per session.
Online resources can also be helpful for learning hula. There are many websites and YouTube channels that offer hula tutorials and lessons. However, it is important to be careful when using online resources, as not all of them are accurate or culturally appropriate. Look for reputable sources that are taught by qualified kumu hula. Remember that learning hula is not just about mastering the steps; it is also about understanding the history, the language, and the cultural context. Be patient and persistent, and don’t be afraid to make mistakes. The most important thing is to have fun and to connect with the spirit of hula.
Hula Beyond Hawaii: Sharing the Aloha Spirit
Hula is not confined to the shores of Hawaii; it has spread across the globe, carried by diaspora communities and those drawn to its beauty and cultural richness. Many hālau hula now exist in various parts of the world, sharing the aloha spirit and providing opportunities for people of all backgrounds to learn and appreciate this art form. These international hālau play a crucial role in preserving and promoting Hawaiian culture, language, and values. They often participate in cultural events and festivals, showcasing the beauty and artistry of hula to a wider audience.
If you are interested in finding a hālau hula in your area, you can search online or contact Hawaiian cultural organizations in your region. Many international hālau hula also offer online classes and workshops, making it possible to learn hula from anywhere in the world. When choosing a hālau hula outside of Hawaii, it is important to find one that is committed to teaching hula in a respectful and culturally appropriate way. Look for a kumu hula who has a strong connection to Hawaii and who is knowledgeable about the history and traditions of hula. Participating in hula outside of Hawaii can be a rewarding experience, allowing you to connect with a rich and vibrant culture and to share the aloha spirit with others.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana?
Hula Kahiko is the ancient form of hula, characterized by its powerful movements, rhythmic chanting, and use of traditional instruments. It is often performed during religious ceremonies and tells stories of gods and goddesses, chiefs and commoners. Hula ʻAuana is the modern form of hula, characterized by its graceful movements, melodic songs, and use of Western instruments. It tells stories of contemporary life, love, and the beauty of the Hawaiian Islands.
Do I need to be Hawaiian to learn Hula?
No, you do not need to be Hawaiian to learn hula. Hula is open to people of all backgrounds who are interested in learning about Hawaiian culture and traditions. However, it is important to approach hula with respect and humility, and to be mindful of the cultural significance of the dance.
What should I wear to my first Hula class?
For your first hula class, wear comfortable clothing that allows you to move freely. A t-shirt and shorts or leggings are good options. You will typically dance barefoot, but you can wear socks if you prefer. Your kumu hula may have specific requirements for attire, so it is always a good idea to ask beforehand.
How long does it take to learn Hula?
Learning hula is a lifelong journey. It takes years of dedicated practice to master the techniques and to understand the cultural context of the dance. However, you can start learning basic hula steps and movements in just a few classes. The more you practice, the more you will improve.
Where can I see an authentic Hula performance in Hawaii?
You can see authentic hula performances at luaus, cultural centers, and festivals throughout the Hawaiian Islands. The Polynesian Cultural Center on Oahu offers daily hula performances, as does the Old Lahaina Luau on Maui. The Merrie Monarch Festival, held annually in Hilo, Hawaii, is the most prestigious hula competition in the world.
Is it disrespectful to wear a lei if I’m not Hawaiian?
No, it is not disrespectful to wear a lei if you are not Hawaiian. Lei are a symbol of love, respect, and honor, and they are often given as a gift to visitors. However, it is important to wear the lei with respect and to be mindful of its cultural significance. Do not wear a lei that is considered sacred or that is reserved for specific occasions.
References
Tatar, Elizabeth. Hawaiian Art of Dance: Hula Traditions and Transmission. Bess Press, 2009.
Kanahele, George S. Hula: Historical Perspectives. Bishop Museum Press, 1994.
Stillman, Amy K. Sacred Hula: The Historical Anthropology of Canonized Hawaiian Dance. University of California Press, 1998.
McGregor-Alegado, Davianna Pomaikaʻi. Nā Kuaʻāina: Living Hawaiian Culture. University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2014.
Ready to experience the magic of hula for yourself? Whether you’re planning a trip to Hawaii, looking for a local hālau hula, or simply want to learn more about this captivating art form, now is the time to take action. Research upcoming hula performances in your area, explore online resources for learning basic steps, or consider reaching out to a kumu hula for guidance. Embrace the aloha spirit and discover the beauty and cultural depth of hula – a dance that truly tells the story of Hawaii.