Hula, far more than just a beautiful dance, is a living history book of Hawaii. It’s a powerful storyteller, weaving tales of gods and goddesses, chiefs and commoners, love and loss, and the islands themselves. Through graceful movements, rhythmic chants, and vibrant costumes, hula preserves and transmits the rich cultural heritage of Hawaii from one generation to the next.
The Origins of Hula: A Divine Creation
You might be surprised to learn that hula isn’t just an entertainment form; it’s deeply rooted in Hawaiian spirituality. Legend says that Laka, the goddess of hula, created the dance. Stories vary, but many tell of Laka giving birth to hula on the island of Moloka’i, considered the birthplace of hula. Other accounts connect Laka to Pele, the fiery goddess of volcanoes, and her sister, Hi’iaka, who journeyed across the islands performing dances along the way. These stories explain why it’s common to see altars dedicated to Laka in hula halau (schools), laden with offerings of flowers, plants, and other natural elements.
Think of Moloka’i as the heartland of hula. While exact directions aren’t needed, knowing that the spirit of hula deeply permeates the island can enrich your understanding. The island’s people are passionate about preserving tradition, so you’re more likely to find authentic, uncommercialized hula experiences there. Look for local halau (hula schools) offering workshops or performances that showcase the genuine artistry and reverence.
Two Main Styles: Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana
Hula isn’t a monolithic art form; it has evolved over time. The two main styles are Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana. Imagine them as two distinct chapters in the ongoing story of Hawaii.
Hula Kahiko, the ancient form, is characterized by its powerful, dramatic movements, often performed to the accompaniment of percussion instruments like the ipu heke (gourd drum), pahu (sharkskin drum), and ‘uli’uli (feathered gourds). The chants, known as oli, are crucial; they are the heart of the story, telling of creation myths, genealogies, and historical events. The costumes, typically made of natural materials like kapa (bark cloth) and lei (garlands of flowers and ferns), are simple yet striking. Hula Kahiko isn’t about prettiness; it’s about power, reverence, and storytelling that connects dancers to their ancestors.
Hula ‘Auana, the modern form, emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It’s influenced by Western music and instruments, such as the ukulele and guitar, and the songs, known as mele, are often romantic or lyrical. The movements are generally more fluid and graceful, and the costumes are more elaborate, often featuring colorful fabrics and flowing dresses. Hula ‘Auana is what you might typically see performed for audiences today. But don’t let its beauty fool you; it still carries the weight of Hawaiian values and traditions.
To see the difference in action, try to attend both a traditional hula performance and a more modern one. Public libraries throughout Hawaii often host free cultural events; check their schedules for hula performances. The Merrie Monarch Festival, held annually in Hilo on the Big Island, is a prestigious hula competition showcasing both Kahiko and ‘Auana styles. However, attending requires planning well in advance due to its popularity.
The Instruments of Hula: A Symphony of Tradition
The instruments used in hula are more than just accompaniments; they are integral to the dance and its storytelling. Each instrument holds a specific meaning and creates a unique sound that enhances the overall experience.
The ipu heke, a double gourd drum, is one of the most important instruments. It’s made from two gourds joined together and struck with the hand or the floor to create a resonant sound. The different sounds signal changes in the tempo and intensity of the dance. The pahu, a sharkskin drum, is considered sacred and is often used in more formal hula performances and ceremonies. Its deep, resonant sound is said to connect dancers to the gods. The ‘uli’uli, feathered gourds filled with pebbles or seeds, add a rhythmic shaking sound to the music. The k&257;la’au, wooden sticks, are clacked together to create a percussive beat. The ‘ili’ili, smooth stones, are used as castanets, adding a delicate clicking sound. Finally, the pu’ili, bamboo rattles, create a rustling sound when shaken.
Many cultural centers and museums in Hawaii offer demonstrations and workshops on traditional Hawaiian instruments. The Polynesian Cultural Center on Oahu, for instance, provides interactive experiences where you can learn about and even try playing these instruments yourself. The Bishop Museum, also on Oahu, has extensive exhibits on Hawaiian music and dance, showcasing the history and significance of these instruments.
The Language of Movement: Telling Stories with the Body
Hula is a visual language. Each movement, gesture, and expression tells a story. Think of the dancer’s body as a canvas, and their movements as the brushstrokes that bring the story to life.
The hands are especially expressive. A hand movement that mimics the swaying of trees tells of the wind; a cupped hand represents a flower; a fluttering hand signifies rain. The feet provide the foundation, grounding the dancer to the earth and providing the rhythm. Hip movements add depth and meaning, conveying emotion and energy. Facial expressions are equally important, conveying the mood and message of the story. A smile might indicate joy, while a furrowed brow might indicate sorrow. Even the angle of the head and the gaze of the eyes contribute to the overall narrative.
To better understand the language of hula, observe the dancers closely, paying attention to their hand gestures, footwork, and facial expressions. Consider taking a beginning hula class. Many community centers and dance studios offer introductory classes where you can learn basic steps and hand movements. Even a few classes can significantly enhance your appreciation for this intricate art form.
Costumes and Lei: Adorning the Storyteller
The costumes and lei worn by hula dancers are not just decorative; they are essential elements of the storytelling process. They reflect the natural beauty of Hawaii and add visual depth to the performance.
Traditionally, hula kahiko costumes were made from natural materials like kapa (bark cloth), ti leaves, and ferns. Kapa was often dyed with natural pigments to create vibrant colors and patterns. Lei, garlands of flowers, shells, seeds, and feathers, were worn around the neck, head, wrists, and ankles. Each element of the lei had its own significance, reflecting the story being told. Hula ‘auana costumes are more elaborate, often featuring colorful fabrics, flowing dresses, and intricate lei. Feather lei, in particular, are highly prized and can take years to create. The colors and materials used in the costumes often reflect the theme of the dance. For example, a dance about the ocean might feature blue and green fabrics and lei made of shells.
Visit local craft fairs and markets to admire the artistry of lei making and costume design. The Honolulu Museum of Art Spalding House often hosts exhibitions showcasing traditional Hawaiian crafts, including lei making. Taking a lei-making workshop can provide you with a deeper appreciation for the artistry and cultural significance of these adornments. Look for workshops offered by local community organizations or cultural centers. The cost can range from around $30 to $100 depending on the type of lei and materials used.
The Role of Kumus Hula: Guardians of Tradition
The kumu hula (hula teacher) is more than just an instructor; they are guardians of tradition, responsible for preserving and transmitting the knowledge, skills, and values of hula to future generations. They guide their students not only in the technical aspects of the dance but also in the cultural and spiritual significance of hula.
Becoming a kumu hula is a rigorous process that requires years of dedicated study and practice. Aspiring kumus must master the art of hula, including the chants, movements, instruments, and cultural protocols. They must also have a deep understanding of Hawaiian history, language, and spirituality. The kumu hula is the source of knowledge and inspiration for their students, guiding them on their hula journey. Their guidance shapes the dancers’ technique and their understanding of the cultural context.
Observing a kumu hula in action is an invaluable learning experience. If you have the opportunity to visit a hula halau, pay attention to the way the kumu interacts with their students, the way they explain the movements, and the way they convey the stories and traditions behind the dance. Seek out opportunities to learn from respected kumus hula through workshops or cultural programs. The Kamehameha Schools Cultural Learning Center, for example, often hosts workshops and seminars led by renowned kumu hula.
Hula as a Form of Resistance: Preserving Cultural Identity
Throughout history, hula has played a vital role in preserving Hawaiian cultural identity, especially during periods of cultural suppression. When Western missionaries arrived in the 19th century, they viewed hula as immoral and attempted to suppress it. However, Hawaiians secretly continued to practice hula, using it as a way to maintain their traditions and resist cultural assimilation.
During the reign of King David Kal&257;kaua, known as the “Merrie Monarch,” hula experienced a revival. King Kal&257;kaua recognized the importance of hula as a symbol of Hawaiian identity and encouraged its performance and preservation. He famously said, “Hula is the language of the heart, and therefore the heartbeat of the Hawaiian people.” Today, hula continues to be a powerful symbol of Hawaiian identity, representing the resilience and cultural pride of the Hawaiian people. It is a way to honor ancestors, celebrate traditions, and pass on cultural values to future generations. The Merrie Monarch Festival, named in honor of King Kal&257;kaua, is a testament to the enduring power of hula.
Support local Hawaiian artists and cultural organizations that are dedicated to preserving and promoting hula. Attend hula performances, take hula classes, and learn about the history and cultural significance of hula. By engaging with hula in a respectful and meaningful way, you can contribute to its continued vitality and help ensure that it continues to thrive for generations to come. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs is a great resource for finding community programs and initiatives focused on cultural preservation.
Hula Today: A Living Tradition
Hula is not merely a relic of the past; it is a living tradition that continues to evolve and adapt to the present. While preserving its ancient roots, hula also embraces innovation and change, reflecting the dynamic nature of Hawaiian culture. Contemporary hula dancers and choreographers are pushing the boundaries of the art form, experimenting with new movements, music, and costumes while staying true to the essence of hula. Hula is now practiced and performed around the world, spreading the beauty and spirit of Hawaii to a global audience. Hula festivals and competitions are held in many countries, showcasing the talent and artistry of hula dancers from diverse backgrounds.
Attend local hula performances and workshops to support the art form and the dancers who keep it alive. Look for hula classes offered by community centers, dance studios, or Hawaiian cultural organizations. Consider volunteering at hula festivals or cultural events. By actively participating in the hula community, you can contribute to its continued growth and vitality.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the proper etiquette for watching a hula performance?
Show respect by arriving on time and dressing appropriately. Avoid talking loudly or using your cell phone during the performance. Applaud enthusiastically at the end of each performance and show appreciation for the dancers and musicians. If you are taking photos or videos, be mindful not to disturb other audience members. Giving a small gift, like flowers or a lei, to the dancers is a kind gesture of appreciation.
Can anyone learn hula, regardless of their background or ethnicity?
Yes, anyone who has a sincere interest in learning and respecting the cultural traditions of hula is welcome to learn. However, it is important to approach hula with humility and a willingness to learn from a qualified kumu hula. It’s crucial to avoid appropriating the culture and to understand the deeper meanings and significance of the dance.
What is the significance of the lei worn by hula dancers?
Lei are an integral part of hula costumes and hold deep cultural significance. They symbolize love, respect, and honor. The materials used to make lei, such as flowers, shells, seeds, and feathers, often have symbolic meanings that relate to the story being told in the dance. Lei are considered sacred and are treated with reverence.
How can I find reputable hula classes or performances?
Start by researching local Hawaiian cultural organizations and community centers. Look for classes or performances taught or presented by respected kumu hula or experienced dancers. Check online resources such as the website of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs or the local Convention and Visitors Bureau. Ask for recommendations from friends or acquaintances who are familiar with the hula community. Read reviews and testimonials from previous students or audience members.
What are some good resources for learning more about hula?
Several resources can help you deepen your understanding of hula. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu has extensive exhibits on Hawaiian music and dance. The Polynesian Cultural Center offers interactive experiences where you can learn about hula and other Polynesian cultures. Numerous books and documentaries delve into the history, traditions, and cultural significance of hula. Websites such as the Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library offer access to valuable historical and cultural resources.
How does the cost of hula classes or workshops vary?
The cost of hula classes or workshops can vary depending on the location, the experience of the instructor, and the length of the class. Introductory classes may range from $15 to $30 per session, while more advanced classes or workshops with renowned kumu hula can cost significantly more. Some community centers offer affordable hula classes for beginners. Be sure to inquire about any additional fees for costumes or materials.
References
Tatar, Elizabeth. Hawaiian performance poetry: Hula, oli, mele. Bess Press, 1994.
Stillman, Amy K. Sacred erotic: The Ritual of Hula. ‘Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library 2006.
Kanahele, George S. Ku Kanaka Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values. University of Hawaii Press, 1986.
Ready to experience the magic of hula for yourself? Don’t just be a spectator; become a participant. Seek out local hula performances, take a introductory class, or simply delve deeper into the history and meaning of this beautiful art form. Let the stories of Hawaii dance through you, and you’ll discover a deeper connection to the heart and soul of the islands. Immerse yourself in the culture, support local artists, and let the rhythm of hula move you. Aloha!