Lei Making: A Symbol of Aloha and Hawaiian Craftsmanship

Lei making is more than just stringing flowers together; it’s a deeply ingrained tradition in Hawaiian culture, representing love, honor, respect, and friendship. It’s a beautiful art form that connects people to the land, its resources, and the spirit of Aloha. From the simple gathering of materials to the final gifting of the lei, every step is filled with meaning and intention.

The History and Significance of Lei

The art of lei making in Hawaii has ancient roots, predating Western contact. While the exact origins are somewhat shrouded in the mists of time, it’s believed that early Polynesian voyagers brought plants and flowers to the islands, which were then incorporated into lei making. Initially, lei were crafted from natural materials like shells, feathers, seeds, nuts, leaves, and vines, often used to adorn royalty and honor the gods.

Over time, the practice evolved. Flowers, especially plumeria, orchids, and pikake, became increasingly popular. These fragrant blossoms not only added beauty but also conveyed deeper sentiments. The introduction of new materials and techniques through trade and cultural exchange further enriched the art form. However, the core essence remained: a symbol of Aloha. Think about it, it’s not just about the flowers; it’s the intention and the spirit of giving that matters.

Today, lei are given for a multitude of reasons: graduations, birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, welcoming visitors, and as a simple gesture of friendship. They are a tangible representation of love, respect, and celebration. The lei symbolizes a heartfelt connection between the giver and the receiver, a tangible expression of Aloha spirit.

The Flowers and Materials Used in Lei Making

The beauty of lei making lies in the diversity of materials that can be used. While flowers are the most common, other elements contribute to the lei’s overall aesthetic and meaning. Each material carries its own significance. Let’s explore some of the most popular choices:

• Flowers:

  • Plumeria: Perhaps the most iconic Hawaiian flower, plumeria comes in a stunning array of colors, each with its own subtle fragrance. They’re readily available in many parts of Hawaii and easy to string. They are often associated with new beginnings and celebrations.
  • Orchids: Dendrobium orchids are a popular choice due to their durability and vibrant colors. They add a touch of elegance and are often used in more formal leis. Due to cost they are often mixed with other flowers
  • Pikake: These tiny, fragrant white flowers are known for their intoxicating scent. “Pikake” means “peacock” in Hawaiian, and it’s said that Princess Ka’iulani loved these flowers so much she named them after her favorite bird. They are considered a highly prized choice.
  • Tuberose: Similar to Pikake in scent, tuberose is another highly fragrant and prized flower used in lei making.
  • Lokelani (Maui Rose): This pink rose is the official flower of Maui and is often used in lei, particularly for special occasions.

• Leaves and Vines:

  • Maile: This fragrant green vine is highly revered in Hawaiian culture and is often used in wedding ceremonies and other important events. It’s a symbol of peace, reconciliation, and connection to the land. Maile leis are typically open-ended, draped around the neck and shoulders.
  • Ti Leaves: These broad, glossy leaves are often used for their durability and symbolic significance. They are believed to bring good luck and protection.

• Shells and Seeds:

  • Shells: Tiny shells, like cowry shells, can be strung together to create beautiful and unique lei. These are often more durable than flower leis and can be treasured for years to come.
  • Seeds: Kukui nuts, Job’s tears, and other seeds can also be used to create leis with a more rustic and natural feel.

When gathering materials, it’s crucial to be respectful of the environment. Only take what you need and avoid damaging the plants. On private property, always ask permission before harvesting anything. Sustainability is key to preserving these resources for future generations.

Essential Tools and Techniques for Lei Making

Making a lei doesn’t require a lot of fancy equipment. The most essential tools are simple and readily available. Here’s what you’ll need:

• Lei Needle: A long, blunt needle with a large eye is essential for stringing flowers. Lei needles come in various sizes, so choose one that feels comfortable in your hand.
• Thread: Strong thread, such as nylon or cotton, is needed to hold the lei together. Choose a color that complements the flowers you’re using.
• Scissors or Clippers: Sharp scissors or clippers are necessary for trimming stems and cutting the thread.
• A Bowl of Water: Keeping the flowers in a bowl of water will help them stay fresh and hydrated while you’re working.

Now, let’s talk about the basic techniques:

1. Preparing the Flowers: Trim the stems of the flowers, leaving about 1/2 inch to 1 inch of stem. This will make it easier to string them onto the needle.
2. Stringing the Flowers: Thread the needle with a generous length of thread. Tie a knot at one end. Start stringing the flowers onto the needle, pushing the needle through the center of each flower. Gently slide the flowers down the thread, leaving a small gap between each one.
3. Creating the Lei: Continue stringing flowers until the lei reaches the desired length. Remove the needle and tie the two ends of the thread together securely. Trim any excess thread.
4. Finishing Touches: Add any desired embellishments, such as ribbons or leaves. You can also gently mist the lei with water to keep it fresh.

There are several different lei making styles, each with its own unique look and feel. Here are a few examples:

• Kui Lei: This is the most common type of lei, where flowers are strung together end-to-end.
• Haku Lei: This style involves braiding or weaving flowers and foliage onto a backing, often made of raffia or other natural materials. Haku leis are typically worn on the head.
• Wili Lei: This technique involves wrapping flowers and foliage around a base, creating a lush and textured lei.

Practice makes perfect! Don’t be discouraged if your first lei isn’t perfect. The more you practice, the better you’ll become at choosing flowers, stringing them together, and creating beautiful and meaningful leis.

Where to Learn Lei Making

If you’re eager to learn more about lei making and gain hands-on experience, there are several options available in Hawaii:

• Lei Making Workshops: Many hotels, cultural centers, and community organizations offer lei making workshops for visitors and locals alike. These workshops typically provide all the necessary materials and instruction, allowing you to create your own lei to take home. Check local listings or inquire at your hotel for available workshops. For example, the Polynesian Cultural Center often holds daily classes accessible with the purchase of a Park pass.
• Community Centers: Community centers throughout Hawaii often offer lei making classes at affordable prices. These classes are a great way to learn from experienced lei makers and connect with the local community. Check your local community center’s website or call them directly for class schedules and registration information.
• Online Tutorials: If you can’t make it to Hawaii, there are plenty of online tutorials and videos that can guide you through the lei making process. These resources are a great way to learn the basics and practice your skills at home. YouTube is an excellent resource for finding free lei making tutorials.
• Resource: If you are visiting Oahu, consider exploring the Honolulu Museum of Art which often hosts cultural workshops, and may occasionally offer lei making classes.

Learning from a knowledgeable instructor can be incredibly beneficial, as they can share their expertise and provide personalized guidance. They can also teach you about the cultural significance of lei and proper etiquette for giving and receiving them.

Lei Etiquette: Giving and Receiving with Aloha

Giving and receiving lei is a cherished tradition in Hawaii, but there are certain customs and etiquette to keep in mind to show respect and appreciation. Here are some guidelines:

• Presenting a Lei: When giving a lei, present it with a smile and a warm Aloha. Drape the lei gently over the recipient’s head and shoulders. Avoid throwing the lei or placing it around their neck from behind.
• Receiving a Lei: When receiving a lei, accept it graciously and express your gratitude. It’s considered polite to wear the lei for a little while, even if you have to remove it later.
• Proper Wear: Lei are typically worn around the neck and shoulders, resting on the chest. Avoid wearing a lei on your head unless it’s a haku lei specifically designed for that purpose.
• Respect for the Lei: Treat the lei with respect. Avoid throwing it on the ground, crushing it, or mishandling it in any way. When you’re finished wearing the lei, hang it up or lay it flat in a cool, dry place.
• Lei and Pregnancy: It is important in Hawaiian culture to never give a closed lei to a pregnant women. This is considered bad luck, as it is believed to be akin to wrapping the umbilical cord around the baby’s neck.
• Disposing of a Lei: When it’s time to dispose of a lei, do so respectfully. If possible, return the lei to the earth by burying it or scattering the flowers in a natural setting. Avoid throwing it in the trash if possible. If you cannot dispose of it respectfully, compost it if possible.

By following these simple guidelines, you can ensure that you’re giving and receiving lei in a way that honors Hawaiian culture and shows your appreciation for this beautiful tradition.

Lei Making at Home: A Step-by-Step Guide

Ready to try your hand at lei making at home? Here’s a simplified step-by-step guide to help you get started:

1. Gather Your Materials: Choose your flowers, leaves, and other materials. If you don’t have access to fresh Hawaiian flowers, you can use other types of flowers from your local garden or florist. Gather your lei needle, thread, scissors, and a bowl of water.
2. Prepare the Flowers: Trim the stems of the flowers, leaving about 1/2 inch to 1 inch of stem. Keep the flowers in a bowl of water to stay hydrated.
3. Thread the Needle: Thread the needle with a generous length of thread. Tie a knot at one end.
4. String the Flowers: Start stringing the flowers onto the needle, pushing the needle through the center of each flower. Gently slide the flowers down the thread, leaving a small gap between each one.
5. Create the Lei: Continue stringing flowers until the lei reaches the desired length. Remove the needle and tie the two ends of the thread together securely. Trim any excess thread.
6. Add Finishing Touches: Add any desired embellishments, such as ribbons or leaves. You can also gently mist the lei with water to keep it fresh.

For a simple kui lei, practice stringing plumeria or carnations. These flowers are relatively easy to work with and readily available in most areas. Once you’re comfortable with the basic technique, you can experiment with different types of flowers and materials.

Cost Considerations:
The cost of making a lei greatly depends on the materials you choose and whether you’re buying the materials or finding them yourself. If you’re purchasing flowers, expect to pay anywhere from $10 to $50 or more per lei, depending on the type of flowers and the length of the lei. More exotic or delicate flowers will naturally cost more. If you plan to harvest the flowers, be sure you have permission.
Where to Buy Supplies:
Local Florists: Local florists often carry a variety of flowers suitable for lei making, as well as lei needles and thread.
Craft Stores: Craft stores like Michaels or Joann Fabrics also sell lei making supplies, especially thread and needles.
Online Retailers: Online retailers like Amazon offer a wide selection of lei making supplies, including flowers, needles, thread, and embellishments.

Preserving Your Lei: Keeping the Aloha Alive

Once you’ve created or received a beautiful lei, you’ll want to preserve it for as long as possible. Here are some tips for keeping your lei fresh and vibrant:

• Refrigeration: The most effective way to preserve a lei is to refrigerate it. Gently mist the lei with water and place it in a plastic bag or container. Store it in the refrigerator, away from fruits and vegetables that emit ethylene gas, which can cause the flowers to wilt.
• Freezing (for certain leis): Some sturdy leis, like those made with dendrobium orchids, can be frozen for longer-term storage. Place the lei in a freezer-safe bag or container. When you’re ready to use it, thaw it slowly in the refrigerator.
• Drying: Certain types of flowers, like roses and lavender, can be dried to create a lasting keepsake. Hang the lei upside down in a cool, dry place until the flowers are completely dry.

Remember that even with the best care, flower leis are perishable and will eventually fade. However, by following these preservation tips, you can prolong their beauty and enjoy them for as long as possible.

Examples of Using Lei in Different Occasions

Lei are integral parts of many celebrations. Here are a few common examples of how lei are gifted during special occasions:

• Graduations: In Hawaii, graduations are a major celebration, and it’s customary to shower the graduate with lei. Graduates often wear stacks of lei, sometimes reaching up to their ears! Different schools or islands may have specific traditions involving certain types of leis, creating even greater visual symbolism on graduation day. Students may collect and even trade leis among each other throughout graduation ceremonies.
• Weddings: Maile leis are often exchanged between the bride and groom as a symbol of their commitment and connection to the land. Floral leis are also given to the wedding party and guests. The fragrant and symbolic Maile lei is usually draped, not closed around the neck, representing an open bond.
• Birthdays: Lei are a thoughtful and traditional gift to give on someone’s birthday. The type of lei given can be tailored to the recipient’s favorite colors or flowers. For younger children receiving many plumeria lei gifts filled with ants, it is not uncommon to discreetly dispose of a few. Especially if the child is allergic.
• Welcoming Visitors: Giving a lei to a visitor is a gesture of Aloha and a way to welcome them to the islands. This is a long-standing tradition that shows warmth, friendliness, and hospitality.
• Funerals and Memorials: Lei are offered to the deceased or their families as a symbol of love, respect, and remembrance. They are a beautiful way to honor the life of the departed.

The Modern Evolution of Lei Making

While the traditions of lei making remain strong, the art form has also evolved to incorporate modern materials and techniques. Contemporary lei makers are experimenting with new flower varieties, innovative designs, and sustainable practices. You will find lei made from candy now alongside the others. Always be mindful of allergies before gifting such items.

Some lei makers are using recycled materials, such as plastic bottles and fabric scraps, to create unique and eco-friendly leis. Others are incorporating technology, such as LED lights, to create illuminated leis for special occasions.

This evolution demonstrates the continued vitality and adaptability of lei making as a living art form. It showcases the creativity and innovation of Hawaiian artisans who are keeping this tradition alive for future generations.

Lei as a Symbol of Sustainability

Increasingly, there’s a focus on sustainability when it comes to lei making. The practice of gathering native flowers and foliage should always be done responsibly, with respect for the environment. Consider the impact of your choices. Support growers who prioritize responsible farming. Only take what you’re going to use. Consider dried, paper or other sustainable lei alternatives if you are just looking for the look.

Where possible, choose locally grown flowers and materials rather than imported ones. This helps to support local farmers and reduce the carbon footprint associated with shipping. Dispose of leis in a sustainable way by composting them or returning them to the earth. By making conscious choices, you can help ensure that lei making remains a sustainable and environmentally friendly practice.

FAQ Section

Here are some frequently asked questions about lei making:

What is the significance of giving a lei?

Giving a lei is a gesture of Aloha, representing love, respect, friendship, and celebration. It’s a way to honor the recipient and express your heartfelt emotions.

What kind of flowers are best for lei making?

Popular flower choices include plumeria, orchids, pikake, tuberose, and roses. The best flowers are those that are fresh, fragrant, and easy to string.

How long does a lei typically last?

The lifespan of a lei depends on the type of flowers used and how well it’s cared for. Most flower leis will last for a few days to a week if refrigerated properly.

Is it okay to make a lei with artificial flowers?

While traditional lei are made with fresh flowers, it’s perfectly acceptable to use artificial flowers, especially if you want a lei that will last for a long time. Artificial leis are often used for costumes, decorations, and other purposes.

Where can I buy a lei in Hawaii?

Lei are sold at flower shops, grocery stores, airports, and other locations throughout Hawaii. You can also often find vendors selling lei at farmers’ markets and craft fairs.

References

• Amy Stillman, “Hawaiian Hula and Cultural Identity in Hawaii and the United States,” University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 1996.
• Ishikawa, Wendy. Lei Aloha: The Art and Tradition of Lei Making. Bess Press, 2000.
• Macdonald, Marie A., and Mary Kawena Pukui. Ka Lei: The Leis of Hawaii. Topgallant Publishing Co., 1982.

Ready to embrace the spirit of Aloha and create your own beautiful lei? Whether you’re planning a trip to Hawaii or simply want to add a touch of Hawaiian culture to your life, learning to make lei is a rewarding and meaningful experience. So gather your materials, find a quiet space, and let your creativity flow. Let the fragrance of the flowers and the rhythm of the stringing process transport you to the islands of paradise. And remember, it’s not just about the lei itself, but the Aloha that goes into making it. So go ahead, share the Aloha with the world, one lei at a time!