Hula Kahiko isn’t just dance; it’s a profound spiritual practice deeply woven into the fabric of Hawaiian culture. It’s a living prayer expressed through movement, chant, and costume, connecting dancers and viewers to the gods, ancestors, and the very essence of the islands.
Understanding the Roots of Hula
To truly grasp the spiritual significance of Hula Kahiko, you need to understand its history. Unlike Hula ‘Auana, the modern, often tourist-oriented style, Hula Kahiko is the ancient form. It emerged long before Western contact, born from a desire to communicate with the divine. Legends abound about its origins. Some say it was created by the goddess Hi’iaka, sister of Pele, the volcano goddess. Others attribute its creation to various other deities. Regardless of the specific story, the underlying theme is consistent: Hula Kahiko originated as a sacred ritual.
Imagine ancient Hawaiians, living in close communion with nature. Their lives were intrinsically linked to the land, the sea, and the sky. Hula Kahiko became their way of expressing this connection, of giving thanks for harvests, of seeking blessings for battles, and of preserving their oral traditions. These dances were not mere entertainment; they were essential for maintaining spiritual balance and cultural continuity.
The Role of the Kumu Hula
Central to the preservation of Hula Kahiko is the Kumu Hula, the hula master or teacher. This isn’t just anyone who can teach steps; it’s a role steeped in responsibility and spiritual authority. The Kumu Hula undergoes rigorous training, often spanning many years, learning not only the movements but also the chants, the history, the symbolism, and the spiritual protocols associated with each dance. They are the keepers of the tradition, ensuring its authenticity and passing it down to future generations.
The Kumu Hula acts as a conduit between the physical and spiritual realms. They lead their hālau (hula school) not just in dance but in a way of life. Respect for the ‘āina (land), reverence for the kūpuna (ancestors), and adherence to strict protocols are all integral aspects of the Kumu Hula’s teachings. Finding a reputable Kumu Hula is crucial if you are serious about learning Hula Kahiko. Look for Kumu Hula affiliated with established hālau and who have a proven track record of preserving and perpetuating the tradition. You can often find recommendations through local Hawaiian cultural centers or organizations.
The Power of Oli (Chant)
Oli, or chant, is inseparable from Hula Kahiko. The oli is the voice of the dance, carrying the story, the prayer, and the intention. It’s not just singing; it’s a powerful form of communication with the divine. The words, melodies, and rhythms of the oli are meticulously crafted and passed down through generations. They often tell of creation myths, genealogies, historical events, and the attributes of the gods and goddesses. The oli is crucial for setting the tone and energy of the dance, acting as an invocation, a narrative, and a prayer all in one.
Each oli has a specific purpose and meaning. For example, an oli for Pele might invoke her power and presence, asking for her blessings or acknowledging her destructive force. An oli for Laka, the goddess of hula, might be performed to honor her and seek her guidance. Learning to understand and appreciate the oli is essential for truly understanding Hula Kahiko. Many hālau offer classes in oli as part of their hula training.
Costumes and Instruments: A Visible Language
In Hula Kahiko, everything has meaning, even the costumes and instruments. The attire is often made from natural materials, reflecting the dancer’s connection to the ‘āina. Pau (skirts) made of kapa (barkcloth), lei (garlands) made of flowers, leaves, and shells, and kupe’e (ankle and wrist adornments) made of seeds, bones, or shells are all common. These items are not mere decorations; they are imbued with spiritual significance, representing the elements, the gods, and the lineage of the dancer.
Similarly, the instruments used in Hula Kahiko are not just for creating rhythm; they are voices in their own right. The ipu heke (double gourd drum), the pahu (sharkskin drum), the ‘uli’uli (feathered gourd rattle), and the kāla’au (rhythm sticks) each have unique sounds and significance. The ipu heke, for example, represents the earth mother, while the pahu is often associated with chiefs and royalty. The rhythmic patterns created by these instruments provide a backdrop for the dance, enhancing its emotional impact and spiritual power.
The creation of these costumes and instruments is often itself a sacred process. Materials are gathered respectfully, with prayers and offerings made to acknowledge the source and seek permission for their use. The making of a lei can be a meditative practice, with each flower carefully chosen and placed with intention. The spiritual energy invested in these items further amplifies their power during the dance.
Specific Examples of Hula Kahiko and Their Spiritual Significance
Let’s look at some concrete examples to further illustrate the spiritual depth of Hula Kahiko.
Hula Pahu:
This is considered one of the most sacred forms of hula, traditionally performed in heiau (temples) to honor the gods. The dancers move with strength and precision, their feet firmly planted on the ground, connecting them to the earth. The pahu drum provides a powerful, grounding beat that resonates with the spirit. These dances often tell stories of creation, genealogies, and the deeds of gods and chiefs.
Hula ‘Ōlapa: This style is often characterized by its lively and energetic movements. Dancers typically use ‘uli’uli (feathered gourd rattles) or other percussion instruments. Hula ‘Ōlapa can be used to celebrate nature, tell stories of love and adventure, or honor specific deities.
Hula Noho: This is a seated hula, where the dancers remain on the ground throughout the performance. The focus is on the upper body movements, the hands telling the story with grace and precision. Hula Noho often conveys deep emotions and spiritual insights.
Hula Ki’i: In this type of hula, dancers use carved images or figures to represent deities or ancestors. The movements are often stylized and symbolic, with the dancers acting as conduits for the spirits they represent.
Each of these styles requires years of dedicated study to master, not just the steps but also the underlying meaning and protocol.
Experiencing Hula Kahiko Today
While attending a formal Hula Kahiko performance can be a powerful experience, it’s important to approach it with respect and understanding. Remember that this is not just entertainment; it’s a sacred ritual. Dress respectfully, arrive on time, and refrain from talking or using electronic devices during the performance. Be mindful of the energy of the space and the intention of the dancers. If you have the opportunity to attend a performance at a heiau or other sacred site, be particularly respectful of the environment and the spiritual protocols.
If you’re interested in learning Hula Kahiko, seek out a reputable Kumu Hula affiliated with an established hālau. Be prepared to commit to a rigorous training program that includes not only dance but also oli, history, and spiritual practice. Learning Hula Kahiko is a journey, not a destination. It requires patience, dedication, and a deep respect for the culture and traditions of Hawai’i.
Attending cultural festivals and events is another great way to experience Hula Kahiko. The Merrie Monarch Festival in Hilo, Hawai’i Island, is the most prestigious hula competition in the world, showcasing the best hālau from across the islands and beyond. Tickets are notoriously difficult to obtain, but watching the performances online or on television can still be a rewarding experience. Smaller, local hula competitions and festivals are also held throughout the year on all of the Hawaiian Islands. Check local event calendars for listings.
Many cultural centers and museums offer demonstrations and workshops on Hula Kahiko. These can provide a good introduction to the history, traditions, and spiritual significance of the dance. The Polynesian Cultural Center on O’ahu offers a variety of cultural presentations, including hula performances. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu also has exhibits and educational programs that explore the history and culture of Hawai’i, including Hula Kahiko.
The Importance of Respect and Cultural Sensitivity
It’s vital to approach Hula Kahiko with respect and cultural sensitivity. This is not just a dance; it’s a living tradition with deep spiritual roots. Avoid appropriating or commercializing Hula Kahiko without proper understanding and permission. Be mindful of the language you use when discussing it, avoiding stereotypes and generalizations. Support authentic Hawaiian cultural practitioners and organizations that are working to preserve and perpetuate this sacred art form.
One of the biggest mistakes people make is treating Hula Kahiko as simply a form of entertainment. It’s easy to get caught up in the beauty and grace of the movements, the vibrant colors of the costumes, and the exotic sounds of the instruments, but it’s important to remember that there’s a deeper meaning and purpose behind it all. Taking the time to learn about the history, the symbolism, and the spiritual protocols of Hula Kahiko will greatly enhance your appreciation and understanding of this sacred art form.
Tourists should also avoid taking photos or videos during sacred ceremonies or performances without permission. This shows respect for the dancers and the spiritual nature of the event. Many hālau have strict rules about photography and videography, so be sure to ask beforehand.
The Future of Hula Kahiko
The future of Hula Kahiko depends on the continued dedication of Kumu Hula and their hālau, as well as the growing awareness and appreciation of the broader community. By supporting authentic Hawaiian cultural practitioners and organizations, by learning about the history and traditions of Hula Kahiko, and by approaching it with respect and sensitivity, we can all play a role in ensuring its survival and perpetuation for generations to come.
The efforts of dedicated individuals and organizations are crucial in keeping Hula Kahiko alive. Many Kumu Hula are working tirelessly to train new generations of dancers, to research and document ancient chants and movements, and to educate the public about the cultural significance of Hula Kahiko. These efforts deserve our recognition and support.
Practical Considerations
If you are planning a trip to Hawai’i and hope to experience Hula Kahiko, here are some practical considerations:
Timing:
Cultural festivals and events are often held throughout the year, so check local event calendars to see what’s happening during your visit. The Merrie Monarch Festival, held in Hilo in the spring, is the most prestigious hula competition but tickets are extremely difficult to obtain.
Location: Performances are often held at cultural centers, museums, heiau (temples), and community events. Check the websites of these institutions for schedules and locations.
Cost: Some events are free, while others may charge admission. Tickets to the Merrie Monarch Festival, for example, can be quite expensive. Classes and workshops offered by hālau may also have fees associated with them.
Transportation and Accommodation: If you are traveling to a specific event or festival, be sure to book your transportation and accommodation well in advance, especially if it is a popular event.
What to Wear: Dress respectfully. Avoid wearing overly revealing clothing. At some events, it may be appropriate to wear traditional Hawaiian attire, such as a mu’umu’u (a loose-fitting dress) or an aloha shirt.
What to Bring: Bring a water bottle to stay hydrated, sunscreen to protect yourself from the sun, and a respectful attitude. It’s also a good idea to bring a small kīpuka (offering) of flowers or leaves to present to the Kumu Hula or the dancers as a sign of respect (check with the organizers beforehand to ensure this is appropriate).
Before joining a hālau, carefully research the Kumu Hula’s lineage and teaching philosophy. Visit the hālau and observe a class to see if it feels like a good fit for you. Talk to current students to get their perspectives on the training program. Be prepared to make a long-term commitment, as learning Hula Kahiko is a lifelong journey.
Spiritual Preparation
Before engaging with Hula Kahiko, either as a spectator or a participant, it is helpful to prepare yourself spiritually. This can involve taking some time for quiet reflection, setting an intention for your experience, and offering a prayer or acknowledging the cultural significance of the dance. By approaching Hula Kahiko with reverence and respect, you will be more open to receiving its spiritual blessings.
Some practitioners recommend performing a cleansing ritual before engaging with Hula Kahiko. This could involve taking a salt bath, smudging with sage, or spending time in nature. The purpose is to purify your energy field and prepare yourself to connect with the spiritual energies of the dance.
When witnessing a performance, focus on the intention and energy of the dancers. Allow yourself to be moved by the music, the movements, and the story being told. Avoid getting caught up in superficial judgments or distractions. Instead, open your heart and mind to the deeper meaning and purpose of the dance.
Ethical Considerations
It is essential to be mindful of the ethical considerations surrounding Hula Kahiko. Avoid appropriating or exploiting the dance for personal gain or commercial purposes. Respect the intellectual property rights of Kumu Hula and hālau. Support authentic Hawaiian cultural practitioners and organizations. Educate yourself about the history and traditions of Hula Kahiko.
One of the most common ethical pitfalls is the commercialization of Hula Kahiko for tourism. Tourist luaus often feature watered-down versions of hula that lack the depth and spiritual significance of the traditional dance. These performances can perpetuate stereotypes and undermine the cultural integrity of Hula Kahiko.
When supporting Hula Kahiko, be sure to prioritize authentic cultural experiences over mass-produced tourist attractions. Look for performances that are led by respected Kumu Hula and that are presented in a respectful and educational context.
FAQ Section
What is the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana?
Hula Kahiko is the ancient form of hula, deeply rooted in Hawaiian spirituality and tradition. It is performed with oli (chant), traditional instruments, and attire made from natural materials. Hula ‘Auana, on the other hand, is the modern form of hula, influenced by Western music and dance styles. It is typically performed with music, often with guitars and ukuleles, and the costumes are more elaborate and colorful.
How can I find a reputable Kumu Hula?
Look for Kumu Hula affiliated with established hālau and who have a proven track record of preserving and perpetuating the tradition. You can often find recommendations through local Hawaiian cultural centers or organizations. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) is another great resource.
Is it okay for non-Hawaiians to learn Hula Kahiko?
While Hula Kahiko is a sacred tradition rooted in Hawaiian culture, many Kumu Hula are open to teaching non-Hawaiians who demonstrate a genuine respect for the culture and a willingness to commit to the rigorous training required. It is essential to approach Hula Kahiko with humility, respect, and a desire to learn about its history and spiritual significance.
What should I wear to a Hula Kahiko performance?
Dress respectfully. Avoid wearing overly revealing clothing. At some events, it may be appropriate to wear traditional Hawaiian attire, such as a mu’umu’u (a loose-fitting dress) or an aloha shirt. Check with the organizers beforehand for any specific dress code requirements.
Can I take photos or videos during a Hula Kahiko performance?
It depends. Always ask for permission before taking photos or videos, especially during sacred ceremonies or performances. Many hālau have strict rules about photography and videography, so be sure to check beforehand.
References
Barrère, D. B. (1980). Hula: Historical Perspectives. Bishop Museum Press.
Emerson, N.B. (1909). Unwritten Literature of Hawaii: The Sacred Songs of the Hula. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 38. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Kanahele, G. S. (1979). Hawaiian Music and Musicians: An Illustrated History. University of Hawaii Press.
Tatar, E. (1987). Hula: A Depiction of Hawaiian Life. Bishop Museum Press.
Ready to experience the true essence of Hawai’i? Don’t just be a tourist; be a respectful participant. Take the time to learn about Hula Kahiko, support local artisans and cultural practitioners, and immerse yourself in the profound spirituality of the islands. Visit a local cultural center, attend a Hula Kahiko performance (with permission to photograph where appropriate), or even consider taking a class. Your journey into the heart of Hawaiian culture awaits!