Hula’s Hidden Language: Decoding the Stories Told Through Movement

Hula is much more than just a graceful dance; it’s a vibrant storytelling tradition, a language spoken through movement, chant, and expression, deeply interwoven with the culture of Hawaii. By understanding the nuances of hand gestures, footwork, and facial expressions, you can unlock the hidden narratives within each hula performance, connecting with the history, legends, and values of the Hawaiian people.

The Essence of Hula: A Living Chronicle

Hula served as a crucial means of preserving Hawaiian history and culture before the advent of a written language. It became a vehicle for transmitting oral traditions, genealogies, mythology, and significant historical events. Think of it like a living, breathing history book passed down through generations.

Every movement, every gesture, has a specific meaning. The dancer’s hands might depict the swaying of palm trees, the rolling of ocean waves, the flight of birds, or the blossoming of flowers. The steps, the rhythm of the feet, can represent the journey of a particular person, the strength of a volcano, or the gentle flow of a stream. The facial expressions, often subtle, convey the emotions and feelings associated with the story being told.

Deconstructing the Movement: Hand Gestures, Footwork, and Facial Expressions

Let’s break down the key elements that compose the language of Hula:

Hand Gestures (Lima):

Hand gestures are perhaps the most recognizable component of hula’s visual vocabulary. Each gesture, known as a “lima,” represents a specific object, action, or concept. For instance:

• A rolling hand motion: Often represents the ocean, waves or the movement of water.
• Fingers pointing upward: Might signify mountains or rising to the heavens.
• Hands fluttering like wings: Represents the flight of a bird (manu).
• Cupped hands: Can symbolize a flower (pua) or holding something precious.

It’s important to note that the meaning of a lima can sometimes vary depending on the context of the song or the specific hula being performed. An experienced kumu hula (hula teacher) will carefully guide their students in learning the correct execution and interpretation of each gesture.

Footwork (ʻAmi):

Footwork in hula isn’t simply about moving from one place to another; it’s an integral part of the storytelling. Common steps include:

• Kaholo: A basic hula step involving stepping sideways and bringing the feet together.
• Kaʻo: A hip swaying motion that adds a rhythmic element to the dance.
• Hela: Stomping movements that can emphasize certain points in the story.

The intensity and pace of the footwork can also communicate different emotions or aspects of the narrative. For example, fast, energetic steps might portray excitement or power, while slow, deliberate movements could suggest sadness or reverence.

Facial Expressions:

While often overlooked, facial expressions play a crucial role in conveying the emotional depth of a hula performance. Dancers use their eyes, eyebrows, and smiles (or lack thereof) to communicate the feelings associated with the story. A slight raising of the eyebrows can express surprise, a gentle smile can convey joy, and a furrowed brow might indicate sadness or anger.

These expressions aren’t exaggerated or theatrical; they’re subtle and nuanced, requiring the audience to pay close attention to fully appreciate the emotions being conveyed. The dancer’s face is a window into the soul of the story, adding another layer of meaning to the performance.

Different Styles of Hula: Kahiko and ʻAuana

Hula isn’t a monolithic art form; it encompasses various styles, each with its own unique characteristics and historical significance. The two primary styles are hula kahiko (ancient hula) and hula ʻauana (modern hula).

Hula Kahiko: The Ancient Roots

Hula kahiko represents the older, more traditional form of hula. It’s often performed with strong, powerful movements and chants in the Hawaiian language. The music is typically provided by percussion instruments such as the ipu heke (a double gourd drum), the pahu (a sharkskin-covered drum), and the ‘uli’uli (feathered gourd rattles). Dancers often wear traditional attire, such as paʻu skirts (skirts made of layers of kapa cloth) and lei (garlands of flowers or shells).

Hula kahiko is deeply spiritual and is often performed to honor the gods and goddesses of Hawaiian mythology or to commemorate important events in Hawaiian history. The chants, known as oli, are an integral part of the performance, conveying the story and its underlying meaning. Many hula kahiko performances can last quite long.

Where to See Hula Kahiko:

• Merrie Monarch Festival (Hilo, Hawaii): This annual festival, held in April, is the world’s most prestigious hula competition and features some of the finest hula kahiko performances. (Cost: Tickets range from $20-$50 per night, and are very difficult to get).
• Polynesian Cultural Center (Oahu, Hawaii): The center offers daily cultural presentations, including authentic hula kahiko performances. (Cost: General admission starts around $90). Check their website for the latest schedule: Polynesian Cultural Center.
• Various Cultural Events and Festivals Throughout Hawaii: Keep an eye out for local events celebrating Hawaiian culture, which often feature hula kahiko performances.

Hula ʻAuana: The Modern Expression

Hula ʻauana is a more modern style of hula that evolved after Western contact with Hawaii. It’s characterized by softer, more graceful movements and is typically performed to music played on Western instruments such as the ukulele, guitar, and bass. The songs are often sung in Hawaiian or English, and the lyrics often tell stories of love, nature, and contemporary life.

Dancers in hula ʻauana typically wear more modern attire, such as flowing dresses or skirts and tops. Lei are still an important part of the costume, but they may be made of different materials, such as flowers or ribbons.

Hula ʻauana allows for more personal expression and creativity. While still adhering to the fundamental principles of hula, dancers have greater freedom to interpret the music and lyrics in their own way.

Where to See Hula ʻAuana:

• Luau Shows: Many luaus throughout Hawaii feature hula ʻauana performances as part of their entertainment. These shows often combine hula with other Polynesian dances and cultural demonstrations. (Cost: Luaus typically range from $100-$200 per person).
• Hotel Performances: Many hotels in Hawaii offer free hula performances for their guests. Check with your hotel concierge for schedules and locations.
• Local Hula Halau (Hula Schools): Attending a recital or performance by a local hula halau is a great way to support the community and experience authentic hula ʻauana.

The Role of the Kumu Hula: A Keeper of Tradition

The kumu hula, or hula teacher, plays a pivotal role in preserving and transmitting the traditions of hula. They are not simply instructors; they are guardians of knowledge, responsible for ensuring that the stories and values embodied in hula are passed down correctly to future generations.

Becoming a kumu hula is a rigorous and demanding process, often involving years of study and training under a respected teacher. Aspiring kumu hula must master not only the physical movements of hula but also the language, history, mythology, and cultural significance behind each dance. They must also possess a deep understanding of Hawaiian values and principles.

The kumu hula is responsible for composing new hula, choreographing dances, and training students in the art of hula. They also play a vital role in preserving the lineage and traditions of their halau (hula school). Learning hula from a respected Kumu is crucial as modern interpretations could potentially dilute the ancient traditions.

Learning Hula: Embracing the Culture

If you’re interested in learning hula, several options are available, ranging from casual classes to more intensive training programs. Here are some tips for finding a reputable hula teacher and embracing the culture:

Finding a Kumu Hula or Hula Halau:

• Seek Recommendations: Ask friends, family members, or hotel staff for recommendations on local hula halau or kumu hula.
• Do Your Research: Look for halau with a strong reputation and a commitment to preserving traditional hula practices.
• Attend a Class or Workshop: Many halau offer introductory classes or workshops for beginners. This is a great way to get a feel for the teacher’s style and the halau’s culture.

Understanding Cultural Etiquette:

• Respect the Tradition: Hula is a sacred art form, so it’s essential to approach it with respect and humility.
• Dress Appropriately: Wear comfortable clothing that allows you to move freely. Follow the dress code guidelines provided by your teacher.
• Listen Attentively: Pay close attention to your teacher’s instructions and ask questions if you’re unsure about something.
• Be Patient: Learning hula takes time and practice. Don’t get discouraged if you don’t master the steps immediately.

Embracing the Language and Culture:

• Learn Basic Hawaiian Phrases: Knowing a few basic Hawaiian phrases will help you connect with the culture and show respect for the language.
• Study Hawaiian History and Mythology: Understanding the stories and legends behind the hula will enrich your experience and deepen your appreciation for the art form.
• Attend Cultural Events and Festivals: Immerse yourself in Hawaiian culture by attending local events and festivals.

Cost of Learning Hula:

The cost of hula classes can vary depending on the halau, the level of instruction, and the frequency of classes. Generally, you can expect to pay anywhere from $50 to $150 per month for weekly classes. Some halau may also charge additional fees for costumes, performances, or workshops.

Hula Beyond the Stage: Its Significance in Everyday Life

While hula is often associated with performances and entertainment, its significance extends far beyond the stage. Hula is deeply embedded in the fabric of Hawaiian life, playing a vital role in cultural celebrations, ceremonies, and everyday expressions of joy, sorrow, and reverence.

Hula can be seen at graduations, weddings, birthdays, and other significant life events. It is used to honor loved ones, celebrate achievements, and offer comfort during times of grief. It’s a way to connect with ancestors, express gratitude for blessings, and affirm the enduring spirit of the Hawaiian people.

The practice of hula also promotes physical and mental well-being. The movements and rhythms of the dance help to improve flexibility, coordination, and cardiovascular health. The chanting and storytelling aspects of hula can also reduce stress, enhance memory, and foster a sense of community and belonging. In essence, hula weaves itself through the milestones and rhythm of life in Hawaii.

Preserving Hula for Future Generations

In recent years, there has been a growing effort to preserve and revitalize hula as a vital part of Hawaiian culture. Many halau and cultural organizations are working to promote hula education, document traditional practices, and ensure that the art form continues to thrive for future generations.

This includes initiatives such as:

• Hula Preservation Programs: Organizations are working to document and preserve traditional hula chants, dances, and costumes.
• Hula Education in Schools: Integrating hula into school curricula helps to introduce children to their cultural heritage and foster a lifelong appreciation for the art form.
• Community Outreach Programs: Halau are offering free or low-cost hula classes to community members, making the art form accessible to everyone.
• Support for Kumu Hula: Providing resources and support to kumu hula helps to ensure that they can continue to teach and mentor future generations of hula dancers.

By supporting these efforts, you can help to ensure that hula continues to thrive as a dynamic and vibrant expression of Hawaiian culture.

FAQ Section: Decoding Hula

Here are some frequently asked questions related to the language and culture of Hula:

What is the meaning of “Aloha” in Hula?

While “Aloha” is commonly used as a greeting or farewell, in hula, it encompasses a much deeper meaning. It can represent love, compassion, affection, peace, and a connection to the spirit of life. The dancer embodies these qualities through their movements and expressions, sharing the essence of Aloha with the audience.

How can I tell the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ʻAuana?

Hula Kahiko is the ancient style, characterized by strong, powerful movements, traditional percussion instruments (like the ipu heke and pahu drum), and chants in Hawaiian. Hula ʻAuana is the modern style, featuring softer, more graceful movements, Western instruments (like ukulele and guitar), and songs often sung in Hawaiian or English.

Is it disrespectful to learn Hula if I’m not Hawaiian?

No, it is not inherently disrespectful to learn hula if you’re not Hawaiian, but it’s crucial to approach it with respect, humility, and a genuine desire to learn about the culture. Find a reputable kumu hula (teacher) who emphasizes the cultural significance of hula and is willing to share the history and traditions behind the dance. Avoid appropriating the culture and always give credit to the Hawaiian people for their art form.

What should I wear to a Hula performance?

For a casual performance, such as at a luau or a hotel, comfortable clothing is appropriate. For more formal performances, such as at the Merrie Monarch Festival, it’s respectful to dress in business casual attire. Avoid wearing anything overly revealing or distracting.

Where can I find more information about Hula and Hawaiian culture?

You can find more information on the websites of the Polynesian Cultural Center, the Bishop Museum, and various Hawaiian cultural organizations. Additionally, libraries and bookstores often have books and resources on Hula and Hawaiian culture.

Are there any online resources for learning basic Hula steps?

Yes, there are many online resources, including YouTube tutorials and websites dedicated to hula instruction. However, it’s important to choose reputable sources that emphasize the cultural significance of hula. Consider these resources as a supplement to in-person instruction from a qualified kumu hula.

References

1. Tatar, Elizabeth. Hula: A Cultural History. Bishop Museum Press, 2009.
2. Kanahele, George S. Ku Kanaka–Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values. University of Hawaii Press, 1986.
3. Stillman, Amy K. Sacred Hula: The Historical Anthropology of Canonized Dance in Hawai’i. University of California Press, 1998.

Ready to dive deeper into the mesmerizing world of hula? Whether you choose to witness a live performance, take a beginner’s class, or simply delve into the rich history and mythology, allow this ancient art form to touch your soul and connect you to the spirit of Aloha. Start your journey today and discover the hidden language of hula!