Hula isn’t just a dance; it’s a living, breathing storybook of Hawaiian history, genealogy, mythology, and connection to the ‘āina (land). While the vibrant lei and graceful movements often presented to tourists showcase its beauty, the heart of Hula lies deep within its ancient roots, undergoing continuous revival and adaptation in modern Hawaii. This article delves into the intricate history, profound meaning, and the contemporary resurgence of Hula, exploring how it continues to shape and preserve the Hawaiian culture.
The Genesis of Hula: More Than Just Movement
The origins of Hula are shrouded in legend, with different accounts attributed to various deities. One popular legend tells of Hiʻiaka, the younger sister of the volcano goddess Pele, who first danced Hula to appease her sister. Other stories credit Laka, a goddess of Hula, as the divine creator of the art form. Regardless of the specific origin story, Hula was developed in pre-contact Hawaii, and it served several crucial roles in ancient Hawaiian society. It was much more than just mere “entertainment.” Hula was a powerful tool for preserving oral traditions, religious practices, and historical records. Since there was no written language prior to Western contact, Hula and its accompanying chants (oli) were essential memory aids.
Think of it this way: imagine trying to remember generations of family history or intricate details of a creation myth without any notes. That’s what Hula did. Through specific movements, facial expressions, and vocalizations, it transmitted knowledge from one generation to the next. These movements symbolized aspects of nature and Hawaiian values. For example, gestures could represent swaying trees, crashing waves, or the flight of birds. Every movement had meaning, and every Hula told a story.
Different types of Hula developed for varying purposes. The most common distinction is between Hula Kahiko (ancient hula) and Hula ʻAuana (modern hula). Hula Kahiko is generally considered the traditional style performed with pre-Western instruments and chants. Hula ʻAuana, evolved after European contact. This style uses modern instruments like the ukulele and guitar, and incorporate melodies and themes influenced by Western music.
Hula Kahiko: The Dance of the Ancients
Hula Kahiko is a powerful form of Hula typically accompanied by chanting, drumming, and other traditional instruments. The dancers often wear traditional attire, such as paʻu (skirts) made of kapa (bark cloth) and adornments of leis (garlands) made of flowers, shells, and other natural materials. Hula Kahiko carries deep spiritual significance, often performed rituals dedicated to the gods and goddesses, and at important events such as births, deaths, and the arrival of important people.
The instruments used in Hula Kahiko are integral to the performance, each having its place in creating the rhythm and providing additional layers of meaning. The ipu heke (double gourd drum) is one of the most prominent instruments, providing a strong, grounding beat for the dancers. The pahu (sharkskin drum) is considered sacred and is often used in ceremonies. The ʻiliʻili (smooth stones) are clacked together in the hands of the dancers, adding a percussive element to the rhythm. Other instruments include the ‘ūkēkē (musical bow) and the pu’ili (split bamboo).
These instruments create a soundscape that transports the dancers and audience to another time and place, connecting them to the spiritual and historical aspects of Hula Kahiko. Seeing Hula Kahiko is more than just observing dance; it is experiencing a deep connection to Hawaii’s past.
Hula ʻAuana: Embracing Modernity
Hula ʻAuana emerged after Western contact, incorporating new instruments, melodies, and themes. It is often described as a more lyrical and graceful style of Hula, often using modern instruments like the ukulele, guitar, and bass to accompany the dancers. While Hula ʻAuana draws on some traditional movements, it also is open to new techniques to tell stories and convey emotions in a more approachable way.
One of the most recognizable distinctions between Hula Kahiko and Hula ʻAuana is the attire. Hula ʻAuana dancers often wear flowing dresses or skirts made of fabrics and adorned with leis. The movements emphasize grace, fluidity, and storytelling. The songs often reflect themes of love, nature, and contemporary Hawaiian life.
Think of Hula ʻAuana as a bridge between the traditional and modern worlds. While celebrating the beauty of Hawaiian culture, it embraces change and reflects the experiences of modern Hawaiians. It is a contemporary art form that holds the essence of Hawaiian spirit.
The Suppression and Near-Extinction of Hula
Western missionaries arrived in Hawaii in the early 19th century to convert the Hawaiian people to Christianity. They viewed Hula as “heathen” and “immoral”. Because Hula was so closely tied to traditional Hawaiian religion and cultural practices, it was met with strong disapproval. This disapproval led to the banning of Hula performances. Queen Kaʻahumanu, who converted Christianity, publicly prohibited Hula. This resulted in practitioners forced to perform in secret, risking punishment if caught. While the public ban was later lifted, the social stigma surrounding Hula persisted, and many Hawaiians were pressured to abandon their cultural practices.
Along with suppression was the significant population decline due to diseases introduced by Westerners and other factors. This decline further threatened the preservation of Hula traditions, as many practitioners and knowledge-holders passed away, leading to a loss of cultural knowledge.
The period of suppression marked a dark chapter in Hawaiian history. Hula, a precious expression of identity, was nearly lost forever. Yet, despite these challenges, a dedicated group of Hawaiians refused to let Hula die.
The Modern Revival: Hula’s Renaissance
Around the turn of the 20th century, a cultural renaissance began in Hawaii, led by a renewed interest in traditions. King David Kalākaua, known as the “Merrie Monarch”, played a pivotal role in this rebirth. He actively promoted the revival of Hula and other Hawaiian cultural practices. In 1883, Kalākaua held a public Hula performance at his coronation, signaling a shift in attitude towards the dance. This act showed the public that Hula was something in which to be proud.
Kalākaua’s efforts paved the way for the development of the Merrie Monarch Festival. The Merrie Monarch Festival is an annual Hula competition held in Hilo, Hawaii. It’s one of the most prestigious Hula competitions in the world. This festival brings together Hālau Hula (Hula schools) from across Hawaii. Even international locations participate in a celebration of Hawaiian culture.
The festival is a week-long event that includes Hula competitions, arts and craft fairs, cultural demonstrations, and parades. To attend the Merrie Monarch Festival can range from $25-$100+ depending on the event and day. Tickets are highly sought after. It’s best to reserve them well in advance, often months or even a year beforehand through the Merrie Monarch website.
Besides the Merrie Monarch, Hula schools across Hawaii continue to perpetuate traditional Hula practices. Kumu Hula (Hula teachers) are responsible for passing down the knowledge, techniques, and spiritual significance of Hula to their students. They also ensure that the traditions are preserved for future generations.
Today, Hula is no longer seen as a “pagan” practice but is celebrated as an expression of Hawaiian identity and pride. The resurgence of Hula has inspired a renewed awareness and appreciation of Hawaiian culture, language, and values. Hula plays a vital role in various aspects of Hawaiian life, from cultural festivals and community events to education programs and artistic performances.
Learning Hula: Finding Your Place in the Story
Interested in learning Hula? You’re in for a deeply rewarding experience! Fortunately, now Hula lessons are widely available, both in Hawaii and around the world. Here are some ways to embark on your Hula journey:
Find a Hālau Hula: The most traditional way to learn Hula is through a Hālau Hula, a formal Hula school led by a Kumu Hula (Hula teacher). Look for a reputable Hālau Hula in your area or plan a trip to Hawaii and immerse yourself in a Hula school during your visit. Websites like Kamehameha Schools’ directory of Hawaiian cultural organizations can help you find Hālau Hula in Hawaii and beyond.
Community Classes and Workshops: Many community centers, dance studios, and cultural organizations offer Hula classes and workshops for beginners. These can be a great way to get a taste of Hula and learn the basic steps and movements. Check your local listings or online event calendars for opportunities.
Online Resources: Numerous online resources, including instructional videos and virtual classes, can help you learn about Hula. While online learning can be a useful starting point, it’s important to supplement it with in-person instruction to fully grasp the nuances and cultural context of Hula.
Respect and Etiquette: When learning Hula, it’s essential to approach it with respect and humility. Learning Hula is not just about mastering the steps and movements but about understanding the cultural significance and spiritual depth. Listen to your Kumu Hula or instructor. Embrace the cultural context of the dance.
When you do, you will find Hula is not just a dance; it’s a way of connecting to Hawaiian culture, expressing yourself, and celebrating beauty. The cost of Hula lessons varies depending on the location and style of instruction. Community classes may cost around $10-$20 per session. Enrolling in a formal Hālau Hula can range from $50-$200 per month.
Practical Examples of Hula’s Influence
The influence of Hula extends far beyond the dance floor. Many Hawaiian songs and chants incorporate Hula movements, providing a visual representation of the lyrics and storytelling. Hula is also an integral part of Hawaiian ceremonies and celebrations, such as weddings, luaus, and community gatherings; it is a way to honor traditions, express joy, and connect with others.
Hula has also been featured in numerous films, television shows, and theatrical productions, showcasing the beauty and cultural significance of the dance to a global audience. However, it’s important note that Hula often faces cultural appropriation and misrepresentation. It’s crucial to be mindful of cultural sensitivity when exploring Hula outside of its authentic cultural context. Support Hawaiian artists and organizations that are dedicated to teaching respect, authenticity, and accurate representation of Hula.
The Future of Hula: A Legacy for Generations
Today, Hula thrives as a vibrant and evolving art form, deeply rooted in its cultural heritage. Its future depends on the commitment of dedicated individuals, organizations, and communities to preserving and perpetuating its traditions.
Here are several opportunities to support and engage with Hula’s continued development:
Support Hālau Hula: Consider attending Hula performances, taking Hula classes, or donating to Hālau Hula to support their efforts in preserving and promoting traditional Hula practices.
Attend Cultural Events: Seek out Hawaiian cultural events, festivals, and workshops in your area or plan a trip to Hawaii to immerse yourself in the culture.
Learn About Hawaiian Culture: Deepen your understanding of Hawaiian history, language, and cultural values to appreciate the context in which Hula thrives.
Advocate for Cultural Preservation: Support organizations and initiatives which advocate for the protection and preservation of Hawaiian cultural heritage, including Hula.
By celebrating and supporting Hula, we contribute to the continuation of a legacy that enriches Hawaiian culture and inspires generations to come.
FAQ Section
Here are some frequently asked questions about Hula:
What is the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ʻAuana?
Hula Kahiko is the ancient style of Hula, performed with traditional instruments and chants, often with deep spiritual significance. Hula ʻAuana, is the modern style of Hula. This style is influenced by Western culture, uses modern instruments, and focuses more on lyrical expression and storytelling.
Do I have to be Hawaiian to learn Hula?
No, you don’t have to be Hawaiian to learn Hula. Hula is open to people of all backgrounds. However, approaching it with respect, sensitivity, and a willingness to learn about Hawaiian culture is very important.
What should I wear to my first Hula class?
Wear comfortable clothing that allows for freedom of movement, such as loose-fitting pants or a skirt and a t-shirt or tank top. Avoid wearing jewelry. Usually, your instructor will let you know if you need to bring anything specific, such as a paʻu (skirt) or lei.
How long does it take to become proficient in Hula?
Like any art form, the amount of time it takes to become proficient in Hula varies depending on your dedication, practice, and aptitude. Some people may grasp the basics within a few months, while others may spend years or even a lifetime honing their skills.
Is Hula just for women?
No, Hula is not just for women! Men play a significant role in Hula, both as dancers and chanters. In fact, many traditional Hula dances were originally performed exclusively by men.
References
Barrère, D. B. (1980). Hula: Historical Perspectives. Bishop Museum Press.
Kanahele, G. S. (1979). Hawaiian Music and Musicians: An Illustrated History. University of Hawaii Press.
Tatar, E. (1987). Hula: The Living Tradition. Bishop Museum Press.
Farris, J. (2009). Hawaiian Language (Niu Hawaiian Studies). University of Hawai’i Press.
Kaeppler, A. L. (1993). Hula Pahu: Hawaiian Drum Dances, Volume 1: Haʻa and Hula Pahu: Sacred Dances. Bishop Museum Press.
Ready to witness the magic of Hula firsthand? Seek out a local Hālau Hula, plan a cultural immersion trip to Hawaii, or explore online resources to learn more about this incredible art form. By embracing Hula, you’re not just learning a dance, you’re connecting to a rich cultural heritage and becoming part of a story that has been passed down through generations. Start your Hula journey today!