Hula is far more than just a dance; it’s the beating heart of Hawaiian culture, a living testament to its history, spirituality, and connection to the ‘āina (land). It’s a powerful form of storytelling, prayer, and genealogy, passed down through generations. To truly understand Hawai‘i, you must understand hula.
The History Woven into Every Movement
Imagine a time before written language in Hawai‘i. Hula filled that void. It acted as the memory bank, the library, the sacred text. Stories of creation, the exploits of chiefs, the love of the land, and the pantheon of Hawaiian gods and goddesses were all meticulously preserved and communicated through hula. It was a method of preserving genealogy, knowledge of herbal medicine, navigation techniques, and agricultural practices. The dances were crafted with painstaking precision, ensuring the accurate transmission of essential information. With each swaying hip and graceful hand gesture, legacies were kept alive.
Consider the impact of missionaries arriving in Hawai‘i. Originally, they saw hula as something “pagan” and tried to suppress it. While some forms of hula went underground, practiced in secret by those who understood its importance, others evolved. This is where the distinction between hula kahiko (ancient hula) and hula ‘auana (modern hula) began to solidify. Hula kahiko maintains the traditional styles and chants, often accompanied by percussion instruments like the ipu heke (gourd drum), while hula ‘auana incorporates modern melodies, instruments like the ukulele, and often, more narrative lyrics in the Hawaiian language.
Hula Kahiko: Connecting to the Ancestors
Hula kahiko, the ancient form, is a powerful connection to the past. It’s usually performed with strong, deliberate movements, accompanied by oli (chants) and traditional instruments. There are many different styles of hula kahiko, each with its own specific purpose and meaning. Some are dedicated to specific gods or goddesses, like Laka, the goddess of hula, while others tell stories of creation or great feats. For example, the Pele dances are strong and powerful, representing the fiery nature of the volcano goddess, while a hula honoring Hiʻiaka, Pele’s sister, might be graceful and flowing, representing her travels and healing abilities.
The costumes in hula kahiko are often simple but deeply symbolic. Skirts made of ti leaves (lauaʻe), leis of flowers, and adornments made from natural materials connect the dancers to the ‘āina. The specific plants and flowers used further enhance the meaning of the dance. For instance, a lei of maile leaves signifies respect and is often used in ceremonies. The instruments like the ipu heke (double gourd drum), the pahu (sharkskin drum), and the ‘ūlī‘ulī (feathered gourd rattle) provide the rhythmic foundation for the dance and the chants, which are fundamental to the storytelling.
Where to Witness Hula Kahiko: Many cultural centers and festivals throughout Hawai‘i offer authentic hula kahiko performances. Some include: the Merrie Monarch Festival (see description below), Polynesian Cultural Center on Oʻahu, various luʻau, and many community events; check local event calendars. The Polynesian Cultural Center is a great place to start when visiting O‘ahu. While it’s a ticketed attraction, the immersion into the cultures of Polynesia is very comprehensive, including detailed examples of the hula traditions of Hawai‘i. Look for smaller, less commercial events as well, as those will often provide a more intimate and authentic experience.
Hula ‘Auana: Embracing Modernity
Hula ‘auana, or modern hula, evolved through the influences of Western music and culture. It’s generally more fluid and graceful than hula kahiko, and it’s accompanied by melodic songs and instruments. The lyrics, often sung in Hawaiian, tell stories of love, loss, beauty, and contemporary life. The ukulele is a prominent instrument in hula ‘auana, contributing to its distinct sound.
The costumes in hula ‘auana are often more elaborate than those in hula kahiko, with flowing dresses (mu’umu’u) and colorful leis. The emphasis is often on visual beauty and grace. The movements are still meaningful, but they tend to be more interpretive, allowing for individual expression and artistic license within the framework of tradition. While the costumes aren’t necessarily ancient, the dances still embrace core Hawaiian values and traditions.
Learning Hula ‘Auana: Many hālau hula (hula schools) offer classes in hula ‘auana for both residents and visitors. Look for reputable schools with experienced kumu hula (hula teachers). Learning even a few basic steps and gestures can give you a deeper appreciation for the art form. Several hālau offer drop-in classes or short workshops, making it accessible for tourists. Some hotels and resorts also offer introductory hula lessons. Check local community centers and colleges for affordable options, especially if you’re staying for an extended period. Be respectful and prepared to learn about the culture as you learn the dance.
The Merrie Monarch Festival: A Celebration of Hula
The Merrie Monarch Festival is the most prestigious hula competition in the world, held annually in Hilo on the Big Island. It’s a week-long celebration of Hawaiian culture, featuring performances of both hula kahiko and hula ‘auana. The festival honors King David Kalākaua, known as the “Merrie Monarch,” who revived Hawaiian arts and traditions in the late 19th century.
Attending the Merrie Monarch is an unforgettable experience. The energy is electric, the performances are breathtaking, and the sense of community is palpable. Hālau from all over Hawai‘i and the world compete for the coveted title of overall winner. The competition is judged on various criteria, including choreography, costume design, chant, and interpretation of the story. The festival also includes arts and crafts fairs, cultural demonstrations, and other events. Because of its popularity, tickets for the performance nights are incredibly hard to come by, often requiring entering a lottery system months in advance. However, the free events and the energy of the festival can be enjoyed by anyone who visits Hilo during that week.
Practical Information for Merrie Monarch: The festival is typically held in April. As mentioned, tickets are difficult to obtain. You can find information on the Merrie Monarch website about ticket lotteries and availability. Even if you can’t get tickets to the performances, the free events, such as the hula exhibitions at the civic auditorium and the arts and crafts fair, offer a taste of the festival atmosphere. Consider booking accommodation in Hilo well in advance, as hotels and rentals fill up quickly. Be prepared for large crowds and traffic congestion during the festival week.
The Kumu Hula: The Heart of Hula
The kumu hula (hula teacher) is more than just an instructor; they are the keepers of tradition, the mentors, and the guides who pass on the knowledge and wisdom of hula to future generations. Becoming a kumu hula is a long and arduous process, requiring dedication, commitment, and a deep understanding of Hawaiian language, history, and culture. Kumu Hula undergo years of rigorous training and are often chosen for their position. Learning from a kumu hula is a privilege and a responsibility.
A good kumu hula teaches not only the steps and gestures of hula but also the meaning behind them. They share the stories, the chants, and the cultural context that give hula its depth and power. They instill in their students a sense of respect for the tradition and a commitment to preserving it. The relationship between a kumu hula and their students is often deep and personal, akin to that of a family. They provide guidance, support, and encouragement, helping their students to grow not only as dancers but also as individuals.
Finding a Kumu Hula: If you are interested in learning hula seriously, seek out a reputable kumu hula. Look for teachers who are knowledgeable, experienced, and respectful of the tradition. Ask about their lineage and their approach to teaching. Visit their hālau and observe a class or two before enrolling. Attend workshops and seminars offered by different kumu hula to find a teacher who resonates with you. Be prepared to commit your time, energy, and resources to the learning process. Remember that learning hula is a journey, not a destination; it requires patience, perseverance, and a willingness to embrace the culture.
The Spirituality of Hula
Hula isn’t just a form of entertainment; it’s a sacred practice that connects dancers to the spiritual realm. Traditional hula performances are often preceded by prayers and offerings to Laka, the goddess of hula, and other deities. The dancers become vessels through which the stories and the energy of the gods and goddesses flow. The movements, the chants, and the costumes all contribute to the spiritual atmosphere of the dance.
In many hālau, dancers are taught to connect with their own inner spirituality and to channel that energy into their movements. They learn to focus their minds, control their breath, and feel the mana (spiritual power) flowing through their bodies. Hula can be a transformative experience, helping dancers to connect with themselves, with their ancestors, and with the divine. It serves as a moving meditation, fostering a sense of inner peace, joy, and connection to all things.
Respecting the Spirituality: When watching or participating in hula, it’s important to be respectful of its spiritual nature. Avoid talking or making noise during performances. Dress modestly and appropriately. If you are invited to participate, do so with reverence and humility. Understand that hula is more than just a dance; it’s a sacred expression of Hawaiian culture and spirituality.
The Language of Hula: Hand Gestures and Movements
Every hand gesture, swaying hip, and foot movement in hula tells a story. These gestures, known as “hana,” are like a visual language. A simple hand motion can represent a flower, a wave, a mountain, or a feeling. The combination of these gestures creates a narrative that is both beautiful and meaningful. Learning the basic hana is like learning the alphabet of hula, providing a foundation for understanding the deeper meaning of the dance.
The movements of the body in hula are equally significant. The swaying of the hips represents the gentle movement of the ocean or the swaying of trees in the wind. The bending of the knees signifies humility and respect. The raising of the arms represents reaching for the heavens or embracing the world. Every part of the body plays a role in telling the story.
Learning the Gestures: Many introductory hula classes will teach you some of the basic hand gestures and their meanings. You can also find resources online and in books that explain the hana. Practice the gestures in front of a mirror to improve your technique. Pay attention to the way the kumu hula demonstrates the gestures and try to emulate their movements. Over time, you will develop a deeper understanding of the language of hula and be able to appreciate the artistry and storytelling of the dance. Resources at the local library, a trip to Bishop Museum in Honolulu, and even online tutorials can help you connect with the mana and energy of the hula language.
Hula and the ‘Āina: A Deep Connection
The ‘āina (land) is integral to hula. Many hula dances celebrate the beauty and abundance of the Hawaiian Islands. The movements mimic the natural world, reflecting the rhythms of the ocean, the sway of the trees, and the flight of the birds. The lyrics of the songs often describe specific places, plants, and animals, creating a deep connection between the dancers and their environment.
The materials used to create hula costumes and adornments are also derived from the ‘āina. Leis made of flowers, skirts made of ti leaves, and bracelets made of shells connect the dancers to the natural world. These materials are often gathered with respect and intention, with prayers and offerings given to the ‘āina in return. Through hula, the dancers express their gratitude for the gifts of the ‘āina and their commitment to protecting it.
Respecting the ‘Āina: When participating in or observing hula, it’s important to be mindful of the connection to the ‘āina. Avoid littering or damaging the environment. Be respectful of the plants and animals that are used in hula costumes and adornments. Learn about the cultural and ecological significance of the places you visit and support efforts to protect them. By honoring the ‘āina, you honor the spirit of hula.
Beyond the Dance: A Way of Life
Hula is more than just a performance; it’s a way of life. It embodies the values of aloha (love, compassion), lokahi (unity, harmony), and kuleana (responsibility). Dancers are encouraged to embody these values in their daily lives, treating others with kindness, respecting the environment, and contributing to their communities. Hula instills a sense of belonging, purpose, and connection to something larger than oneself.
The discipline and dedication required to learn hula also cultivate valuable life skills. Dancers learn to focus their minds, control their bodies, and work together as a team. They develop self-confidence, perseverance, and a strong work ethic. Hula teaches them the importance of hard work, dedication, and respect for tradition and those that came before. These skills can be valuable in all aspects of life.
Embracing the Aloha Spirit: You don’t have to be a dancer to embrace the spirit of hula. You can incorporate the values of aloha, lokahi, and kuleana into your own life by treating others with kindness, respecting the environment, and contributing to your community. Learn about Hawaiian culture and history. Support local businesses and organizations that are working to preserve and promote Hawaiian traditions. By embracing the aloha spirit, you can honor the legacy of hula and contribute to a more harmonious and compassionate world.
FAQ Section
What is the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana?
Hula Kahiko is the ancient form of hula, often performed with chants and traditional instruments, focusing on telling stories of the past. Hula ‘Auana is the modern form, incorporating more melodic songs and instruments like the ukulele, and often tells stories of contemporary life.
Where can I see authentic Hula performances in Hawai‘i?
You can see authentic hula performances at cultural centers like the Polynesian Cultural Center, festivals like the Merrie Monarch Festival, and various lu‘au. Check local event listings for community performances, which are excellent for local immersion.
How can I learn Hula?
Many hālau hula (hula schools) offer classes for both residents and visitors. Look for reputable schools with experienced kumu hula (hula teachers). Some hotels and resorts offer introductory classes. Check local community centers as well.
Is it appropriate for non-Hawaiians to learn Hula?
Yes, it is generally considered appropriate for non-Hawaiians to learn Hula, provided they do so with respect, humility, and a genuine interest in learning about the culture. Seek out a reputable Kumu (teacher), and respect the cultural significance and meaning of the dances.
What should I wear to a Hula performance?
Dress modestly and respectfully. Casual attire is generally acceptable, but avoid anything too revealing. If invited to participate, follow the guidance of the Kumu Hula and emulate the other dancers.
References
Barrère, D. B. (1980). Hula: Historical Perspectives. Bishop Museum Press.
Kaeppler, A. L. (2015). Hula Pahu: Hawaiian Drum Dances. Bishop Museum Press.
Kanahele, G. S. (1986). Ku Kanaka: Stand Tall. University of Hawaii Press.
Tatar, E. (1993). Hawaiki: Ancestral Polynesia. Bishop Museum Press.