The Art of Hula: More Than Just a Dance, a Living Tapestry of Hawaiian History

Hula is far more than just a dance; it’s a vibrant, living tapestry woven with the threads of Hawaiian history, spirituality, and cultural identity. It’s a powerful storytelling medium, a prayer, a celebration, and a profound connection to the ‘āina (land) and the ancestors. To truly appreciate hula is to understand its rich history, the meanings embedded within its movements, and the unwavering dedication of those who perpetuate this sacred art form.

The Birth and Evolution of Hula

The origins of hula are shrouded in legend, but many stories point to its birth on the island of Molokaʻi. One popular legend tells of the goddess Laka, who invented hula to entertain her sister, Hiʻiaka, during her journey with Pele. As Hiʻiaka danced, Laka played the accompanying music, thus giving birth to the sacred art. Regardless of its exact origins, hula quickly became an integral part of Hawaiian culture, serving as a means of preserving history, genealogy, and mythology.

Before the arrival of Western missionaries in the 19th century, hula existed primarily as hula kahiko, the ancient form. Performances were deeply spiritual, often performed in heiau (temples) as offerings to the gods and goddesses. These hula were characterized by strong, powerful movements, chanting in Hawaiian, and accompanied by traditional instruments like the ipu heke (gourd drum), pahu (sharkskin drum), and ‘uli’uli (feathered gourd rattles). The costumes were made from natural materials like ki leaves, tapa cloth, and feathers, each element holding its own symbolic meaning.

The Suppression and Resilience of Hula

The arrival of missionaries brought significant changes to Hawaiian society, including the suppression of hula. Viewing it as suggestive and pagan, they sought to eradicate it. Many hula practitioners went into hiding, continuing their traditions in secret. This period of underground preservation is a testament to the resilience and unwavering commitment of the Hawaiian people to their cultural heritage.

King David Kalākaua, often called the “Merrie Monarch,” played a pivotal role in the revival of hula in the late 19th century. He openly embraced and celebrated Hawaiian traditions, including hula, at his coronation and other public events. This sparked a renewed interest in the art form and paved the way for its resurgence. The Merrie Monarch Festival, held annually in Hilo, Hawaiʻi, is named in his honor and is the most prestigious hula competition in the world, showcasing both hula kahiko and hula ‘auana.

Hula ‘Auana: Modern Hula

Hula ‘auana, the modern form of hula, emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influenced by Western music and instruments. While still telling stories and conveying Hawaiian values, hula ‘auana incorporates melodies and harmonies from Western traditions, often accompanied by the ukulele, guitar, or steel guitar. The costumes also evolved, incorporating fabrics like cotton and rayon, and often featuring the iconic muʻumuʻu (a loose-fitting Hawaiian dress) or holoku (a long, flowing dress).

While hula ‘auana is often seen as a more accessible and entertaining form of hula, it’s equally important to understand that it carries its own mana (spiritual power) and cultural significance. The songs used in hula ‘auana express a wide range of emotions, from love and joy to longing and sorrow, and often tell stories of specific places, people, and events in Hawaiian history.

The Language of Hula: Movements and Meanings

Every movement in hula, from the sway of the hips to the gentle undulation of the hands, has a specific meaning. The hands, in particular, are crucial in telling the story. The gestures can represent elements of nature, like the wind, the rain, the ocean, or the mountains. They can also depict people, animals, or objects. Understanding the language of hula is essential to fully appreciate the art form.

For example, a hand movement depicting a gentle wave might involve a flowing, undulating motion. A gesture representing a flower could involve cupping the hands together and bringing them to the nose, as if smelling its fragrance. A movement showcasing rain might consist of small tapping motion with the fingers. These gestures, combined with the rhythmic steps and the accompanying music and chanting, create a powerful and immersive storytelling experience.

The basic hula steps, also called “kaholo,” “ka’o,” and “uwehe,” are fundamental to both hula kahiko and hula ‘auana. Mastering these steps requires practice, discipline, and a deep understanding of the cultural context. Each step contributes to the overall expression and storytelling power of the dance.

Learning Hula: Finding a Kumu Hula

If you’re interested in learning hula, the best way to do so is to find a kumu hula (hula teacher). A kumu hula is not just a dance instructor; they are a cultural mentor and a guide to the traditions and values of hula. Finding a reputable kumu hula is crucial to ensure that you are learning the art form in a respectful and authentic way.

Word-of-mouth is often the best way to find a kumu hula. Ask local Hawaiians for recommendations, or look for hula schools that are affiliated with established hālau (hula schools). Be sure to inquire about the kumu hula’s lineage and training, as this is often a good indicator of their knowledge and experience. If you’re on the islands, visiting a local cultural center might also lead you to qualified teachers. Many community centers and colleges offer introductory hula workshops as well.

Hula classes can range in price, depending on the level of instruction and the reputation of the kumu hula. Introductory classes might cost around $15-$30 per session, while more advanced classes or private lessons can be significantly more expensive. Some hālau operate on a membership basis, with monthly fees that cover multiple classes and access to other cultural activities.

Experiencing Hula: Where to See Performances

There are many opportunities to witness hula performances in Hawaiʻi, ranging from informal gatherings to elaborate stage productions. Luʻau (Hawaiian feasts) often feature hula performances as part of the entertainment, providing a glimpse into the art form within a celebratory setting. While luʻau can be tourist-oriented, some prioritize authentic cultural experiences. Check reviews and ask locals for recommendations to find a luʻau that offers a respectful and meaningful hula presentation. For instance, the Old Lahaina Luau on Maui is known for its focus on traditional Hawaiian culture.

Cultural centers, such as the Polynesian Cultural Center on Oʻahu, offer a more immersive experience, with daily hula performances and demonstrations. These centers often employ skilled dancers and musicians who share their knowledge and passion for the art form. The Polynesian Cultural Center showcases the cultures of various Polynesian islands, including Hawaiʻi, and features elaborate hula performances that incorporate storytelling, music, and costumes.

The Merrie Monarch Festival, held annually in Hilo, is the ultimate hula showcase. Although tickets are difficult to obtain, watching the festival on television or online is a great way to experience the highest level of hula artistry. The dancers at Merrie Monarch represent the culmination of years of training and dedication, and their performances are a testament to the enduring power and beauty of hula.

For a more intimate experience, seek out local hula performances at community events, farmers’ markets, or church services. These performances often reflect the community’s unique cultural identity and offer a more personal connection to the art form. Many smaller towns will host annual festivals where local halau show off their skills.

The Role of Hula in Modern Hawaiian Society

Hula continues to play a vital role in modern Hawaiian society, serving as a powerful symbol of cultural identity and a means of preserving Hawaiian language and traditions. Hula is taught in schools, community centers, and hālau throughout the islands, ensuring that the art form is passed down to future generations. Many hālau strive to instill a strong sense of cultural pride and responsibility in their students, encouraging them to become stewards of Hawaiian culture.

Hula is also used as a tool for cultural revitalization. By teaching and performing hula, practitioners are actively contributing to the resurgence of the Hawaiian language and the preservation of traditional knowledge. Hula provides a platform for telling stories of Hawaiian history and mythology, ensuring that these stories are not forgotten. It is used in protests, celebrations, and daily life to remember the past and prepare for the future with aloha.

Beyond its cultural significance, hula also offers many personal benefits. It promotes physical fitness, coordination, and grace. It fosters a sense of community and belonging. And it provides a creative outlet for self-expression. Learning hula can be a transformative experience, connecting individuals to their cultural heritage and empowering them to embrace their identity.

Respectful Engagement with Hula

It’s important to approach hula with respect and reverence. Before participating in a hula class or attending a performance, take the time to learn about the cultural context and significance of the art form. Avoid making assumptions or stereotypes about hula or Hawaiian culture. Remember that hula is not just a dance; it’s a sacred expression of Hawaiian spirituality and history.

When attending a hula performance, dress respectfully and avoid talking or making noise during the dance. Show your appreciation by offering applause and expressing your gratitude to the performers. If you are invited to participate in a hula, do so with humility and respect. Follow the instructions of the kumu hula and be mindful of your movements and gestures.

Avoid appropriating hula for personal gain or entertainment. Hula is not a costume or a prop; it’s a living, breathing art form that deserves to be treated with dignity and respect. If you are not of Hawaiian descent, consider supporting Hawaiian cultural organizations and artists who are working to preserve and perpetuate hula. By learning about and supporting hula, you can help to ensure that it continues to thrive for generations to come.

FAQ Section

What is the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana?

Hula kahiko is the ancient form of hula, characterized by strong, powerful movements, chanting in Hawaiian, and traditional instruments. Hula ‘auana is the modern form of hula, influenced by Western music and instruments, and often incorporating melodies and harmonies from Western traditions.

How can I find a reputable Kumu Hula?

Word-of-mouth is often the best way to find a kumu hula. Ask local Hawaiians for recommendations, or look for hula schools that are affiliated with established hālau. Inquire about the kumu hula’s lineage and training.

What is the Merrie Monarch Festival?

The Merrie Monarch Festival is the most prestigious hula competition in the world, held annually in Hilo, Hawaiʻi. It showcases both hula kahiko and hula ‘auana, featuring the highest level of hula artistry.

Is it okay for non-Hawaiians to learn hula?

Yes, it is generally considered acceptable for non-Hawaiians to learn hula, provided they do so with respect, humility, and a genuine desire to learn about Hawaiian culture. It’s important to seek out a reputable kumu hula and approach hula as more than just a dance; understand its cultural and spiritual significance.

What should I wear to a hula performance?

When attending a hula performance, dress respectfully. Clean and modest attire is generally appropriate. Avoid clothing that is overly revealing or distracting. Showing respect for the performers and the cultural significance of the event is paramount.

References

Barrère, D. B. (1980). Hula: Historical Perspectives. Bishop Museum Press.

Kanahele, G. S. (1979). Hawaiian Music and Musicians: An Illustrated History. University of Hawaii Press.

Tatar, E. (1987). Hula as Performance: The Hawaiian dance tradition in the twentieth century. Bishop Museum Press.

Pukui, M. K., Haertig, E. W., & Lee, C. A. (1972). Nā Nana I Ke Kumu (Look to the Source) Vol. 1. Bishop Museum Press.

Ready to dive deeper into the world of hula? Whether you’re planning a trip to Hawaiʻi, seeking out local hula classes, or simply want to learn more about this beautiful art form, take the first step today. Explore online resources, visit a local cultural center, or reach out to a kumu hula in your area. The journey into hula is a journey into the heart of Hawaiian culture, a journey that will enrich your life in ways you never imagined. Embrace the aloha, feel the rhythm, and discover the magic of hula!