The Art of Hula: More Than Dance, A Living History of Hawaii

Hula is far more than just a dance; it’s a living, breathing narrative of Hawaiian history, culture, and spirituality. It’s a vibrant tapestry woven with ancient traditions, poetic storytelling, and graceful movements that continue to resonate deeply within the Hawaiian people and captivate audiences worldwide. It’s a way to connect with the past, honor the present, and ensure the survival of Hawaiian culture for generations to come.

The Roots of Hula: A Journey Through Time

The origins of hula are shrouded in legend and oral tradition. Some accounts credit the goddess Laka as the creator of hula, while others point to Pele, the volcano goddess, as the inspiration behind its fiery movements. Regardless of its exact origin, hula is believed to have developed in isolation for centuries, evolving into a diverse art form with numerous styles and variations.

Early hula was deeply connected to religious practices and ceremonies. It was a way to communicate with the gods, honor chiefs, celebrate victories, and mark important life events. Each movement, chant, and costume element carried symbolic meaning, conveying stories of creation, mythology, and everyday life. The powerful storytelling through hula served as a crucial means of preserving history and traditions in a society where writing was not prevalent.

Two Distinct Styles: Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana

Over time, hula evolved into two primary styles: Hula Kahiko (ancient hula) and Hula ‘Auana (modern hula). Each style possesses distinct characteristics in terms of music, movement, and attire.

Hula Kahiko: This is the older, more traditional form of hula. It is characterized by powerful, rhythmic movements, often accompanied by chanting (oli) and percussion instruments such as the ipu heke (gourd drum), pahu (sharkskin drum), and ‘uli’uli (feathered gourd rattles). Hula Kahiko is deeply spiritual and often performed in a formal setting, such as during religious ceremonies or festivals. The costumes are typically made from natural materials like tapa cloth (kapa) and leaves. The chants can be quite ancient, some dating back hundreds of years, and their meaning is often complex and layered. Attending a Hula Kahiko performance is like stepping back in time, witnessing a direct connection to the ancestors.

Hula ‘Auana: This style emerged after European contact and incorporates more modern influences. It is typically accompanied by melodic singing and utilizes instruments such as the ukulele, guitar, and bass. Hula ‘Auana is generally more graceful and fluid in its movements, and the costumes often include dresses and floral adornments. The songs typically tell stories of love, beauty, and longing for the land. While still telling stories, it evolved to encompass more contemporary themes. A good example is the use of steel guitar and more Western harmonic influences.

The Instruments of Hula: A Symphony of Tradition

The instruments used in hula are not merely accompaniments; they are integral partners in creating the complete artistic experience. Each instrument carries its unique sound and contributes to the rhythm and storytelling found in hula. Learning to play these instruments is another path towards understanding the heart of hula.

Ipu Heke: A double gourd drum made from two gourds joined together, the ipu heke is one of the most important instruments in hula kahiko. It’s played by striking it against the ground or the knee, creating a resonant, percussive sound that drives the rhythm of the dance.

Pahu: A sharkskin drum, the pahu is considered a sacred instrument. Its deep, resonant tones are believed to evoke the presence of the gods and ancestors. The pahu is often played by a skilled drummer who also chants and leads the dancers.

‘Uli‘Uli: Feathered gourd rattles, the ‘uli’uli add a light, airy sound to the hula. They are shaken and tapped to create a rhythmic accompaniment to the dance.

‘Ili’Ili: Smooth, water-worn stones that are clicked together like castanets. They create a sharp, percussive sound that adds texture to the music.

Ukulele & Guitar: These stringed instruments became incorporated into Hula ‘Auana and provides rhythmic structures for storytelling.

Costumes and Adornments: Visual Storytelling

The costumes and adornments worn by hula dancers are not just decorative; they are visual representations of the stories being told. Everything from the materials used to the style of the lei carries symbolic meaning. For example, different flowers or plants might be chosen to represent specific deities or concepts.

Lei: Necklaces, bracelets, and headpieces made of flowers, shells, seeds, and other natural materials. Lei are an integral part of the hula costume and represent beauty, love, and respect. Learning to make lei is an art form in itself, and the selection of materials is often guided by tradition and symbolism. You can learn to make a lei at cultural centers and workshops across Hawaii, usually for a small fee (around $20-$50). One thing I learned is that gifting a lei is a genuine gesture, never expect it in return.

P&257;&699;&363; Skirt: A skirt made of tapa cloth (kapa) or other woven materials. The p&257;&699;&363; skirt is a traditional garment worn by hula dancers, particularly in hula kahiko. The style and design of the p&257;&699;&363; skirt can vary depending on the specific dance and the region of Hawaii.

Kapa: A fabric made from the bark of the wauke tree (paper mulberry). Kapa was traditionally used for clothing, bedding, and other purposes. In hula, kapa is often used to create p&257;&699;&363; skirts and other adornments. The process of making kapa is laborious, involving stripping the bark, beating it thin, and decorating it with natural dyes.

Anklets & Bracelets: These are often made of seeds, shells, bones, or even dog teeth (in older times). They add a rhythmic element to the dancers’ movements and can represent the dancer’s connection to the earth and the elements. A fun fact I learned from a Kupuna, wearing these elements allowed a dancer to feel connected with ancestors.

Halau Hula: Schools of Knowledge

The H&257;lau Hula (hula school) is a core part of the hula tradition. It is where the knowledge, skills, and spirit of hula are passed down from generation to generation. Joining a h&257;lau offers an immersive experience not only in movement but also in cultural values, language, and history.

H&257;lau Hula are typically led by a Kumu Hula (hula teacher). The kumu hula isn’t just an instructor; they are a guardian of tradition, a mentor, and a guide. They are responsible for teaching not only the steps and chants but also the history, culture, and spiritual significance of hula.

Finding the right H&257;lau Hula is an important decision. Consider factors like the Kumu’s background, teaching style, and the traditions that the Halau emphasizes. Visiting different halau and observing classes can help you find one that feels like the right fit for you. Many h&257;lau offer intro classes before committing.

Hula Competitions: Celebrating Excellence and Preservation

While hula competitions can sometimes feel like a modern addition, they actually play a vital role in preserving and promoting the art form. They provide a platform for h&257;lau to showcase their skills, creativity, and deep understanding of hula traditions.

Merrie Monarch Festival: The most prestigious hula competition in the world, the Merrie Monarch Festival takes place annually in Hilo, Hawaii. It honors King David Kal&257;kaua, who is credited with reviving hula in the late 19th century. The festival attracts h&257;lau from all over the world and features both Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana performances. Attending Merrie Monarch (or even watching it online) is an incredible experience for anyone interested in hula. Tickets are notoriously difficult to get, so it’s best to plan well in advance if you hope to attend in person.

Other Competitions: There are many other hula competitions throughout the year in Hawaii and beyond. These smaller events provide opportunities for h&257;lau to gain experience and share their love of hula with a wider audience. Checking local event listings on websites such as To-Hawaii.com and community boards is a great way to find these events.

Hula and the Hawaiian language

Hula and the Hawaiian language are inextricably linked. The chants (oli) and songs (mele) that accompany hula are almost always performed in Olelo Hawai’i (Hawaiian language). Understanding the language is key to understanding the deeper meaning of hula.

Learning even a few basic Hawaiian words and phrases can significantly enhance your appreciation for hula. Words like “aloha” (love, greetings), “mahalo” (thank you), and “ohana” (family) are commonly used in everyday conversation and in hula performances. Several online resources, such as the Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library, offer Hawaiian language lessons and dictionaries.

The revitalization of the Hawaiian language has been a major movement in recent decades. Hula has played a significant role in this effort, as it provides a living context for the language to be used and transmitted to future generations. The chants, mele, and stories within hula keep the language alive.

The Significance of Aloha in Hula

The spirit of Aloha is at the heart of hula. It’s not just a greeting; it’s a way of life that encompasses love, compassion, respect, and harmony. Hula is an expression of Aloha, and it is meant to be shared with others.

Aloha is often translated as “the breath of life,” and it represents the connection between people, the land, and the spiritual realm. In hula, Aloha is expressed through graceful movements, heartfelt chants, and genuine smiles. It’s about creating a sense of connection and unity among performers and the audience.

Embracing the spirit of Aloha means approaching hula with humility, respect, and a willingness to learn. It’s about honoring the traditions and values of the Hawaiian culture and sharing them with others in a meaningful way. It’s important to remember that Aloha is a feeling that can be conveyed through movements.

Hula Today: A Continued Legacy

Hula today is a vibrant and evolving art form. While rooted in ancient traditions, it continues to adapt and innovate, reflecting the changing world around it. It has survived through periods of suppression, and flourishes as a symbol of resilience.

Many H&257;lau Hula are actively involved in community outreach programs, teaching hula to children and adults of all backgrounds. This helps to ensure that the traditions are passed on to future generations and that hula remains accessible to everyone. This is crucial for maintaining awareness and engagement.

While traditional hula maintains its sacred place, contemporary hula choreographers and dancers pushing boundaries, exploring new themes, and incorporating influences from other dance forms. This helps to keep hula relevant and ensures its continued vitality.

Experiencing Hula: Beyond the Spectacle

While watching a hula performance is an excellent way to appreciate the art form, there are many other ways to experience hula more deeply. The immersion is the key to experience it deeply.

Take a Hula Lesson: Many hotels, cultural centers, and community organizations offer introductory hula lessons. Taking a lesson can give you a firsthand understanding of the basic steps, movements, and cultural significance of hula. Even a single lesson can provide a new appreciation for the depth and complexity of this art form. For example, the Polynesian Cultural Center on Oahu offers interactive experiences, including hula lessons.

Attend a Luau: Luaus are traditional Hawaiian feasts that often feature hula performances. While luaus can sometimes be touristy, they can also provide an enjoyable introduction to Hawaiian culture, food, and music. Look for luaus that emphasize cultural authenticity and support local communities. Many luaus offer pre-show cultural demonstrations, including lei making and traditional crafts.

Visit a Cultural Center: Cultural centers like the Polynesian Cultural Center or the Bishop Museum offer immersive experiences that delve into the history, culture, and traditions of Hawaii. These centers often feature hula performances and demonstrations, as well as exhibits on Hawaiian language, art, and history. Spend time to learn and absorb information.

Responsible Tourism and Respect for Hula

When experiencing hula as a visitor, it’s essential to do so with respect and cultural sensitivity. Avoid treating hula as simply entertainment, and take the time to learn about its history, significance, and cultural context. Be mindful of dress codes and protocols when attending hula performances or visiting H&257;lau Hula.

Avoid taking photos or videos during sacred ceremonies or performances without permission. Be respectful of the dancers and musicians, and avoid talking or making noise during performances. Engaging with the performers or cultural practitioners is a sign of respect.

Support local businesses and cultural organizations that are committed to preserving and promoting Hawaiian culture. By making informed choices about where you spend your money, you can contribute to the vitality of hula and the well-being of the Hawaiian community. Buying authentic Hawaiian crafts directly from local artisans ensures that the proceeds benefit the community.

FAQ Section

What is the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana?

Hula Kahiko is the ancient, traditional form of hula. It features powerful movements, chants, and percussion instruments. Hula ‘Auana is the more modern form, incorporating melodic singing and instruments like the ukulele and guitar, creating a gentler and more fluid style.

How can I find a reputable Halau Hula to learn from?

Research different H&257;lau Hula by looking at their Kumu’s (teacher) background, their teaching style, and the traditions they uphold. Visiting classes and talking to current students can help determine if a H&257;lau aligns with your goals and values.

Is it okay for non-Hawaiians to learn Hula?

Yes, it is generally acceptable for non-Hawaiians to learn Hula, but it’s essential to approach the practice with respect, humility, and a genuine desire to learn about the culture. Seek out knowledgeable and respected Kumu Hula who can provide guidance and cultural context.

How can I be respectful when watching a Hula performance?

Dress respectfully, avoid talking or making noise during the performance, and refrain from taking photos or videos without permission. Appreciate the cultural significance of the dance, and understand it’s more than just entertainment—it’s a story being told.

What does Aloha mean in the context of Hula?

Aloha represents love, compassion, harmony, and connection. In Hula, it’s expressed through graceful movements, heartfelt chants, and a spirit of unity, reflecting a deep relationship with the land, people, and spiritual values.

How much does it cost to learn Hula?

The cost varies depending on the H&257;lau Hula. Some may charge monthly fees, while others might have a tuition structure. Introductory classes can range from free to around $30-$50 per session. More intensive training programs might involve higher costs.

Are there Hula performances I can attend when visiting Hawaii?

Yes, various venues host Hula performances. Consider attending luaus that prioritize cultural authenticity, cultural centers like the Polynesian Cultural Center, or look for local events and festivals on websites such as To-Hawaii.com to find performances during your visit.

What is the significance of Lei in Hula?

Lei, made of flowers, shells, or other natural materials, are worn as necklaces, bracelets, or headpieces. They symbolize beauty, love, respect, and connection. Certain flowers or materials may have specific symbolic meanings related to deities or concepts.

How is Hula helping to preserve Hawaiian culture?

Hula preserves the Hawaiian language through chants (oli) and songs (mele), passes down traditions through H&257;lau Hula, and provides a platform for cultural expression and storytelling. By celebrating and sharing these traditions, Hula ensures their survival for future generations.

Can I learn Hula online?

While it’s possible to learn some basic steps and information about Hula online, it’s generally recommended to learn in person from a qualified Kumu Hula. Learning in-person provides a deeper understanding of the cultural context, traditions, and nuances of the art form. Look for online resources as supplementary tools rather than replacements for in-person classes.

References

Tatar, Elizabeth. Hawaiian Dance. Bess Press, 2009
Kanahele, Emmett Aluli. Kumu Hula: Roots and Branches. University of Hawaii Press, 2011
McGregor-Alegado, Davianna P. Na Kua‘aina: Living Hawaiian Culture. University of Hawaii Press, 1994

Ready to immerse yourself in the captivating world of Hula? Whether you’re planning a trip to Hawaii, looking for local H&257;lau Hula, or simply keen to learn more about this beautiful art form, take the next step! Explore a class, attend a performance, learn the language, or support local artists. Let Hula touch your soul and connect you with the rich history and vibrant culture of Hawaii. Go learn, now!