Lei making in Hawai’i is far more than just stringing flowers together; it’s an art form steeped in history, a tangible expression of aloha, and a cultural practice that connects people to their heritage and the land. It embodies love, honor, respect, and celebration, and learning to make a lei is like receiving a piece of Hawai’i itself.
The Roots of Lei Making: Ancient Traditions
The story of lei making is intricately intertwined with the history of the Hawaiian Islands. Long before European contact, Polynesians voyaged across the Pacific Ocean, bringing with them not only their skills in navigation and survival but also plants and customs that would forever shape the islands. Among these were the seeds of lei making, initially not just for adornment but also as offerings to deities, symbols of rank, and expressions of peace. Imagine a time when the lei you wore spoke volumes about your status, intentions, or even the particular god you revered. These early lei were crafted from shells, nuts, seeds, feathers, bones, and even braided vines – anything the natural environment offered. Plants held great significance, with some species associated with specific gods or carrying medicinal properties. Understanding these connections was vital, as choosing the right material became a prayer in itself.
Over time, the practice of lei making evolved, incorporating new materials and techniques. The arrival of Westerners in the late 18th century brought with it new flowers and influences. The introduction of vibrant blossoms like plumeria, orchids, and carnations expanded the palette of colors and textures available to lei makers. With these new materials and continued innovation, lei making has grown into the beautiful and diverse art we see today.
Lei as a Symbol of Aloha: More Than Just a Gift
A lei is more than just a beautiful garland; it’s a physical manifestation of aloha. Aloha is a complex concept that encompasses love, affection, compassion, and a deep respect for all things. When you give a lei, you’re essentially sharing a piece of your heart, offering a gesture of warmth, friendship, and welcome. It’s a tangible way to connect with someone, to show them that you care. The act of placing a lei around someone’s neck is imbued with significance, a moment of intimate connection. It’s a sign of affection that transcends words, demonstrating empathy and a genuine sense of belonging. This is why lei are commonly given for graduations, birthdays, weddings, and other special occasions, each blossom symbolic of celebration, good fortune, and cherished memories.
Furthermore, the type of lei you give, the flowers you choose, and even the way you present it can have subtle nuances. For example, a lei made of pīkake (jasmine) is highly prized and often associated with royalty and special occasions. Giving a pīkake lei signifies deep respect and admiration. Conversely, certain lei are avoided in specific situations. For example, it’s generally considered bad luck to give a closed lei (one that is not fully connected) as a graduation gift, as it symbolizes a closed future. Understanding these nuances adds depth and meaning to the act of giving lei, transforming it from a simple gift into a powerful expression of aloha.
The Art of Lei Making: Techniques & Materials
There are several different methods for making lei, each producing a distinct look and feel. The most common techniques include:
Kui (Sewn): This technique involves stringing flowers together using a needle and thread. It’s the most time-consuming but allows for intricate designs and the use of delicate flowers like plumeria. Perfect for creating long lasting and beautiful lei.
Haku (Braided): This method uses a base of plant material, such as raffia or ti leaves, and then braids or wraps flowers and foliage around it. Haku lei are often worn on the head or as a statement piece. It’s a more sturdy and resilient method to use.
Wili (Wrapped): This technique involves wrapping flowers and foliage around a base of plant material using string or yarn. Unlike haku, wili lei tend to be fuller and more voluminous. It creates a dense arrangement, good for showcasing lush flowers.
Hili (Braided/Twisted): This method typically uses a single type of material braided together, like strands of ti leaves or fern. Simplicity is key with hili, highlighting the natural beauty of the chosen material.
The materials used in lei making are as diverse as the islands themselves. While flowers are the most iconic element, lei can also incorporate leaves, shells, seeds, nuts, and even feathers. Common flowers include plumeria, orchids, tuberose, carnations, and pīkake. Leaves, such as ti leaves and ferns, add texture and greenery. Shells and seeds can be used to create unique and eye-catching designs. The best way to source materials depends on where you are. If you live in Hawai’i, you might be able to gather flowers from your own garden or purchase them from local flower farms. Outside of Hawai’i, you can find flowers at florists, farmers’ markets, or online retailers. When selecting materials, consider the occasion, the recipient’s preferences, and the availability of resources. Also, a great source for materials can be finding fellow lei enthusiasts. Many communities enjoy meeting up and exchanging materials with each other.
Detailed Steps: A Kui Lei Tutorial
Let’s dive into a step-by-step guide on how to make a kui lei, the classic sewn lei. This method is perfect for incorporating delicate flowers and creating intricate designs. What you’ll need:
Fresh flowers (plumeria, orchids, tuberose, etc.)
Lei needle (a long, thin needle specifically designed for lei making)
Lei thread (waxed nylon thread is recommended for its durability)
Scissors
A damp cloth or spray bottle to keep the flowers hydrated
Step 1: Prepare the Flowers. Gently remove the stems from your flowers, leaving a small amount of the base intact. Check each flower for any pests or imperfections. Hydrate the flowers by lightly misting them with water.
Step 2: Thread the Needle. Cut a length of lei thread about three times the desired length of your lei. Thread the needle and knot the end of the thread. You might want to double or triple knot it to ensure it doesn’t slip through the flowers.
Step 3: String the Flowers. Hold the flower in your non-dominant hand and carefully pierce the base of the flower with the needle. Slide the flower down the thread, being gentle to avoid damaging the petals. Repeat this process, adding flowers one by one. You can alternate colors, sizes, and types of flowers to create a unique design.
Step 4: Create the Desired Length. Continue stringing flowers until your lei reaches the desired length. To determine the length, you can measure it against the recipient’s neck or use a standard lei length chart.
Step 5: Tie off the Ends. Carefully remove the needle from the thread. Bring the two ends of the lei together and tie them securely with a square knot. You can tie several knots to ensure the lei doesn’t come undone. Trim any excess thread.
Step 6: Finishing Touches. Gently fluff the flowers and arrange them so they look their best. Mist the lei with water to keep the flowers hydrated. Store the lei in a plastic bag in the refrigerator until you’re ready to give it away.
Pro-Tips: When starting, choose flowers that are strong and durable. Practice makes perfect so don’t be discouraged if it doesn’t come out perfectly right away. Keep your flowers hydrated throughout the process by misting them regularly. Be patient and gentle stringing flowers to avoid damaging them.
Beyond Flowers: Other Types of Lei
While flower lei are the most well-known, Hawai’i boasts a rich tradition of lei making that extends far beyond blossoms. From intricate shell lei to fragrant maile lei, the diversity of materials and techniques reflects the resourcefulness and artistic expression of the Hawaiian people.
Shell Lei: Shell lei, or lei pupu, are meticulously crafted using tiny shells harvested from the beaches of Hawai’i. This is a painstaking process that requires patience and skill. Each shell is carefully sorted, cleaned, and then strung together to create intricate patterns and designs. Shell lei are often considered heirloom pieces, passed down through generations. The cost of a shell lei can vary widely depending on the type and quantity of shells used, as well as the complexity of design. Simple shell lei, crafted from common shells like cowries, might cost around $50-$100, while rare shell lei can fetch thousands of dollars. The island of Ni’ihau is particularly famous for its exquisite shell lei.
Feather Lei: Feather lei, or lei hulu, are a testament to the artistry and resourcefulness of the Hawaiian people. These stunning lei were once reserved for royalty (ali’i) and were crafted using the vibrant feathers of native birds. The process of gathering and preparing the feathers was incredibly labor-intensive, requiring skilled bird catchers and feather workers. Today, feather lei are created using ethically sourced feathers and are still considered highly prized possessions. The cost of a feather lei can vary widely depending on the type of feathers used, the complexity of design, and the artist’s reputation. Simple feather lei might cost a few hundred dollars, while elaborate ones, featuring rare feathers and intricate patterns, can fetch thousands. It is important to ensure that the feathers used in lei making are sourced ethically and sustainably.
Seed and Nut Lei: Seed and nut lei are crafted using the seeds and nuts of various native plants. Lei kukui are made from the kukui nut, while lei ‘ilima are made from the tiny yellow ‘ilima seeds. These lei are often associated with specific islands or regions and are worn as symbols of pride and connection to the land. The cost of a seed or nut lei can depend on the rarity of the materials used and the time it takes to collect and prepare them.
Ti Leaf Lei: Ti leaf lei are often braided or woven and are worn for protection and good luck. They are typically green in color but can also be dyed in various shades. Ti leaves are often used as a base for other types of lei, providing a sturdy foundation for flowers, shells, or seeds.
Maile Lei: Maile lei are made from the fragrant maile vine, which is considered sacred in Hawaiian culture. Maile is often used in ceremonies and celebrations and is a symbol of peace and respect. Maile lei are typically open-ended and are draped over the shoulders, symbolizing connection and unity. Sometimes, two ends of the lei are tied as a formal sign of union. Its fragrance is long lasting and is used to celebrate many significant events.
Respectful Lei Giving Etiquette
Just as important as learning how to make a lei is understanding the proper etiquette for giving one. This ensures that your gesture of aloha is received with the respect and appreciation it deserves. Here are some guidelines to keep in mind:
Presenting the Lei: When giving a lei, present it with both hands and a smile. This shows that you are offering the lei with sincerity and respect. Avoid tossing the lei or handing it over casually.
Placement: Gently place the lei around the recipient’s neck, making sure that it sits comfortably. Avoid placing it too high or too low. Remember that contact is expected, but should be done with proper judgement.
Receiving a Lei: If you are receiving a lei, accept it with gratitude and appreciation. It is customary to wear the lei immediately, as removing it in front of the giver can be seen as disrespectful. However, there are exceptions. For example, if you are allergic to the flowers or have other medical concerns, you can politely explain the situation.
Kissing: It is customary to offer a kiss on the cheek to the person giving you the lei. This is a gesture of affection and gratitude.
Pregnant Women and Open Lei: It’s considered bad luck in some cultures to give a pregnant woman a closed lei. An open-ended lei is preferred instead, symbolizing an open and smooth birth process.
Lei and the Head: The head is considered sacred in Hawaiian culture, so avoid placing anything on someone’s head, including a lei, without their permission.
Disposing of Lei: When it’s time to dispose of a lei, do so with respect. Avoid throwing it in the trash. Instead, you can return it to the earth by burying it, placing it in the ocean, or hanging it on a tree. This honors the lei and the natural materials it is made from.
Lei Making Today: Keeping the Tradition Alive
Today, lei making remains a vibrant and integral part of Hawaiian culture. It is practiced by people of all ages and backgrounds, from seasoned artisans to school children learning the basics. Lei are still given for all sorts of occasions, from graduations and weddings to birthdays and anniversaries. They are also used in ceremonies, hula performances, and other cultural events. Several organizations are dedicated to preserving and promoting lei making traditions. These include lei making schools, cultural centers, and community groups. They offer workshops, classes, and demonstrations to teach people about the art of lei making and its cultural significance. By supporting these organizations, you can help ensure that this important tradition continues to thrive.
Where to Learn Lei Making: Workshops and Classes
If you’re eager to learn the art of lei making, there are plenty of resources available. Many community centers, cultural organizations, and flower shops offer workshops and classes for all skill levels. In Hawai’i, check out the local community centers or look for classes offered at botanical gardens. The Honolulu Botanical Gardens has an array of classes. You can also find online tutorials and videos that can guide you through the basic techniques. Don’t be afraid to experiment and try different methods and materials. Start with simple designs and gradually work your way up to more complex creations.
The cost of lei making classes can vary depending on the location, duration, and materials provided. A basic introductory workshop might cost around $30-$50, while a more comprehensive course could range from $100-$300. Some classes include all materials, while others require you to bring your own flowers and supplies. It’s always a good idea to check the class description carefully to see what is included.
Recommendation: If you are traveling to Hawai’i, consider taking a lei making class as part of your cultural experience. This is a great way to learn about Hawaiian traditions firsthand and create a beautiful souvenir to take home with you.
The Economy of Lei
The lei industry contributes significantly to Hawai’i’s economy. Think about all the flowers grown, sold, and strung together – that’s a lot of economic activity! Lei vendors are found everywhere, from airports overflowing with tourists to small roadside stands selling flowers. Consider supporting local growers and lei makers to ensure the sustainability of this industry and the preservation of cultural traditions. By choosing to buy local, you are not only getting a high-quality product, but you are also supporting the livelihoods of the people who are keeping this important tradition alive.
Purchasing Lei: What to Consider
If you don’t have time to make your own lei, you can easily purchase one from a local vendor. When buying lei, here are some things to keep in mind:
Freshness: Look for lei that are made with fresh, vibrant flowers. Avoid lei that have wilted or discolored petals.
Craftsmanship: Check the lei for its craftsmanship. The flowers should be securely strung together and the lei should be evenly spaced.
Price: The price of a lei can vary depending on the type of flowers used, the complexity of design, and the vendor’s location. Be sure to compare prices from different vendors to make sure you’re getting a fair deal.
Occasion: Consider the occasion when choosing a lei. For example, a simple flower lei might be appropriate for a casual gathering, while a more elaborate shell lei might be better suited for a special event.
Ethical Considerations: When purchasing lei, consider the ethical implications of your purchase. Try to buy from vendors who source their flowers and materials sustainably and who treat their workers fairly.
Myths, Superstitions, and Lore
Hawaiian culture is rich in myths, legends, and superstitions, and lei making is no exception. These stories and beliefs add another layer of depth and meaning to the art of lei making. One common superstition is that it’s bad luck to wear a lei that you made yourself. This is because it’s believed that you are essentially giving yourself a gift, which can jinx your future. Another belief is that certain flowers are associated with specific gods or goddesses. For example, the ʻilima flower is associated with the goddess Laka, the patron of hula. Wearing a lei made of ʻilima flowers is said to bring good fortune and success in hula. Some lei are thought to possess healing properties. For example, lei made of medicinal herbs are used in traditional Hawaiian healing practices.
There are also stories about the origins of lei making. One legend tells of a goddess named Lehua who created the first lei to honor her lover, a mortal man. The lei became a symbol of their love and a reminder of the connection between the gods and the people. These myths, legends, and superstitions add to the cultural significance of lei making and remind us of the deep connection between the Hawaiian people and their land and heritage.
Lei Making Around the World
While lei making is most closely associated with Hawai’i, similar traditions exist in other parts of the world. In Polynesia, garlands of flowers and leaves are used for adornment, ceremonies, and celebrations. In India, garlands of marigolds are offered to deities and worn during festivals. In other cultures, flowers are used to create wreaths, bouquets, and other decorative arrangements. While the specific materials and techniques may vary, the underlying principle is often the same: to use natural materials to create beauty, express emotions, and connect with the natural world.
Learning about these other traditions can help us to appreciate the universality of human creativity and the importance of cultural exchange. It can also inspire us to explore new materials and techniques in our own lei making practices.
FAQ Section
What is the best type of flower to use for a lei?
There’s no single “best” flower! It depends on your preference, the occasion, and the availability of flowers. Plumeria, orchids, tuberose, carnations, and pīkake are all popular choices. Stronger, more durable flowers will work the best for longer lasting lei.
How long will a lei last?
The lifespan of a lei depends on the type of flowers used and how it’s stored. Some lei can last for several days, while others may only last for a few hours. To prolong the life of your lei, keep it in a plastic bag in the refrigerator and mist it with water regularly. As a rule of thumb, lei made with fresh flowers may last for a day, whereas those made with hardy leaves can last for weeks or even months.
Can I ship lei outside of Hawai’i?
Yes, you can, but there are some regulations to be aware of. Some flowers and plant materials may be restricted due to agricultural regulations. Check with the USDA and the shipping carrier to ensure that you comply with all regulations. Be sure to choose a shipping method that will keep the lei fresh and prevent it from being damaged in transit. It is important to note that sending lei to California can sometimes be an issue, so be fully aware of what can and can not be done. You will want to only send lei that are pre-approved for entry into California.
Is it okay to give myself a lei?
While it is not generally against Hawaiian culture to give yourself a lei, in some areas and beliefs, it is considered bad luck to wear a lei that you made yourself.
What is the significance of an open lei verse a closed lei?
An open lei means to symbolize an open and smooth birth process, and is considered good luck for pregnant women. A closed lei is considered a sign of a closed future.
Resources
To learn even more about lei making and Hawaiian culture, here are some recommended resources:
Books: “Lei Aloha: Flower Lei of Hawai’i” by various authors, “Na Lei Makamae: The Treasured Lei” by Marie McDonald
Websites: Go Hawaii (official tourism site), Bishop Museum (Hawaiian cultural museum)
Organizations and Workshops: Check local community centers, botanical gardens, and flower shops for workshops and classes. Online platforms like YouTube offer many free tutorials too.
References
McDonald, M. (2003). Na Lei Makamae: The Treasured Lei. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Go Hawaii: https://www.gohawaii.com/
Let’s Keep the Aloha Alive
Lei making is a beautiful art form and a powerful symbol of aloha. It’s a tradition that deserves to be cherished and passed on to future generations. Whether you’re a seasoned lei maker or a curious beginner, I encourage you to delve deeper into this fascinating aspect of Hawaiian culture. Attend a workshop, try your hand at making a lei, learn about the history and significance of different flowers and materials, and share your knowledge and passion with others. Buy local to support Hawaiian Lei makers. Most importantly, embrace the spirit of aloha in everything you do. By doing so, you’ll not only be keeping the tradition of lei making alive but also contributing to a more compassionate and connected world. Now, go out there and create something beautiful!