Hula is far more than just a pretty dance; it’s a living, breathing language. Each movement, gesture, and chant carries a story, a history, and a deep connection to the Hawaiian culture and its origins. Understanding these hidden meanings allows you to truly appreciate hula’s depth and significance.
The Foundation: History & Origins
The history of hula is intertwined with the very creation myths of Hawaii. Legend says that hula was first performed by the goddess Laka, and it was both a religious ritual and a form of entertainment. Before a written language existed in Hawaii, hula served as a vital way to preserve history, genealogy, and mythology. Complex stories of gods, chiefs, and natural phenomena were passed down through generations via meticulously choreographed movements and accompanying chants.
Early hula was quite different from what you often see today. It was performed in sacred spaces, often by men, and accompanied by percussion instruments like gourds (ipu heke), sharkskin drums (pahu), and stones (‘ili’ili). These ancient forms, now known as hula kahiko, are characterized by their powerful movements, guttural chants, and profound spiritual connection.
However, with the arrival of Western missionaries in the 19th century, hula was suppressed due to its perceived pagan nature. Public performances were discouraged, and the dance was nearly lost. Thankfully, Hawaiian monarchs like King David Kalākaua recognized its importance and fought to revive and preserve their cultural traditions. Kalākaua, nicknamed the “Merrie Monarch,” hosted grand hula performances at his court, contributing significantly to its survival. This period also saw the development of hula ‘auana, a more modern style influenced by Western music and instruments like the ukulele and guitar. Hula ‘auana retains the storytelling aspect, but its movements are generally smoother and more graceful, and its music is often more melodic and accessible.
Decoding the Hand Gestures: The Vocabulary of Hula
Imagine learning a new language where your hands are the primary speakers! That’s essentially what learning the hand gestures in hula is like. Each gesture represents a specific word, concept, or feeling, and when strung together, they form sentences and tell entire stories. Here are some common examples:
- Lehua: Both hands form a delicate cup shape, resembling the lehua flower.
- Rain: Fingers flutter downward, mimicking falling rain.
- Tree: Arms extend upward, fingers spread like branches.
- Ocean: Hands wave gently in a flowing motion.
- Mountain: Hands form a peak, representing a mountain range.
- Love/Aloha: Arms crossed over the chest (a more modern interpretation).
It’s not just about knowing the individual gestures, though. The way those gestures are performed – the intensity, the direction, the timing – all add layers of meaning to the story. A forceful “mountain” gesture might represent a powerful, volcanic mountain, while a gentle “ocean” gesture could evoke a sense of tranquility and peace. Often, repetition of a gesture can emphasize its importance in the narrative. And context, as with any language, is key!
Take, for example, the song “Aloha ‘Oe”, written by Queen Lili’uokalani. The hand gestures would depict farewell, as well as the queen’s love for her people and for the island of O’ahu. The nuances within each movement contribute to the deep emotional connection of the song.
The Importance of the Feet: Rooted in the Earth
While the hands tell the story, the feet provide the foundation and rhythm. They connect the dancer to the earth, grounding them in the traditions and history of Hawaii. Different foot movements convey different rhythms and emotions.
The basic steps in hula kahiko often involve stamping or stepping patterns that emphasize the beat of the drum. These movements can be powerful and grounded, reflecting the intensity and spiritual connection of the ancient chants. One such step is the ka’o, a rocking side step. A small forward motion accentuates the downward beat. These steps require stability and control, especially when done in unison with a group.
In hula ‘auana, the footwork tends to be more fluid and graceful, often incorporating swaying motions and softer steps. The hela step, for example, involves a gentle hip sway from side to side, coordinating with the music and hand gestures. The uwehe is another common step, involving a slight heel lift and a swaying motion.
No matter the style, the feet play a crucial role in conveying the overall story and mood of the hula.
Chants and Songs: The Voice of Hula
Hula is almost always accompanied by chants (oli) or songs (mele). These oral traditions provide the narrative backbone of the dance, explaining the story being told through movement. In hula kahiko, the chants are often ancient and powerful, delivered in a strong, resonant voice. They can be prayers, historical accounts, or praise songs for the gods.
The chants often contain metaphorical language and poetic imagery, requiring a deep understanding of Hawaiian culture and history to fully grasp their meaning. Learning the chants is an integral part of hula training, allowing dancers to connect with the stories they are portraying.
Hula ‘auana is typically accompanied by songs sung in Hawaiian or English, often set to ukulele or guitar music. These songs are usually more melodic and accessible than the chants of hula kahiko, but they still carry important cultural messages and stories. The lyrics often describe the beauty of Hawaii, the love of the land, or personal experiences.
Here’s a tip: listening to Hawaiian music and reading translations of the lyrics can significantly deepen your appreciation for hula and Hawaiian culture.
The Regalia: Clothing and Accessories
The clothing and accessories worn by hula dancers are not merely decorative; they also carry symbolic meaning and contribute to the overall storytelling aspect of the dance. In hula kahiko, dancers traditionally wear simple attire, often made from natural materials like kapa (bark cloth) or ti leaves. Lei (garlands) made from flowers, shells, or seeds are also common, and each material can carry specific significance. For instance, a lei made of maile leaves might be worn to honor a god or chief.
Hula ‘auana costumes are generally more elaborate, often featuring colorful dresses or skirts made from synthetic materials. Lei are still an important part of the attire, and dancers may also wear other accessories like bracelets, anklets, and headbands. The specific colors and designs of the costumes can also be symbolic, representing different aspects of the story being told.
One of the most iconic accessories is the pa’u skirt, a wrapped skirt. The length and style often indicate the type of hula being performed, and it plays an important role in the overall visual presentation. The implements used are also important accessories. For example, ‘uli’uli (feathered gourds), pu’ili (split bamboo sticks), and kala’au (rhythm sticks) enhance the storytelling. The sound and visual impact these implements evoke strengthens the themes of hula.
Learning Hula: Immerse Yourself in the Culture
If you are interested in learning hula, the best way to do so is by immersing yourself in Hawaiian culture and finding a reputable kumu hula (hula teacher). Look for classes or workshops offered by cultural centers, community organizations, or hula schools. It’s essential to find a teacher who is knowledgeable about the history, traditions, and spiritual aspects of hula. A kumu hula not only imparts the steps and gestures but also guides students in understanding the meaning and significance behind each movement.
When choosing a hula school, consider the kumu’s lineage and experience. Lineage refers to the teacher’s own training and the line of teachers from whom they learned. A strong lineage ensures that the traditions are being passed down accurately and respectfully.
Before committing to a class, observe a lesson or talk to current students to get a sense of the teaching style and the overall learning environment. Learning hula is a journey that requires dedication, patience, and respect for the culture. Remember, it’s not just about performing a dance; it’s about connecting with a rich and ancient tradition.
Where to Learn Hula:
- Local Community Centers: Many community centers across Hawaii offer hula classes for all ages and skill levels. These classes are often more affordable and provide a great way to learn the basics.
- Hālau Hula (Hula Schools): Hālau hula are dedicated hula schools that offer more in-depth training and cultural immersion. These schools typically have a specific lineage and focus on preserving the traditional aspects of hula.
- Cultural Festivals and Workshops: Attending Hawaiian cultural festivals and workshops can provide opportunities to learn from experienced kumu hula and immerse yourself in the culture. The Merrie Monarch Festival on the Big Island is a prime example, although attending is often competitive.
Cost of Hula Classes: The cost of hula classes can vary depending on the location, the type of class, and the instructor’s experience. Community center classes might cost around $50-$100 per month, while hālau hula classes could range from $100-$300 per month or more. Private lessons are typically more expensive.
Respectful Participation: When participating in hula, remember to be respectful of the culture and traditions. Dress modestly, listen attentively to your kumu hula, and ask questions if you are unsure about something. Avoid appropriating or misrepresenting hula for your own personal gain. Hula is a sacred art form that should be treated with reverence.
Experiencing Hula: Where to Watch Authentically
If you’re visiting Hawaii, you’ll undoubtedly have the chance to see hula performances. However, it’s important to distinguish between authentic cultural performances and commercialized shows catered solely to tourists. For a more genuine experience, seek out performances at cultural centers, community events, or hula festivals. These venues often feature local hālau hula showcasing their skills and sharing their culture with the community.
Recommended Places to Watch Hula:
- Polynesian Cultural Center (O’ahu): While a tourist attraction, the Polynesian Cultural Center offers a diverse range of Polynesian cultural performances, including authentic hula shows. They strive to accurately represent each culture.
- Bishop Museum (O’ahu): The Bishop Museum often hosts hula performances and cultural events that provide a deeper understanding of Hawaiian history and traditions. Check their event calendar for upcoming performances.
- Merrie Monarch Festival (Big Island): If you’re lucky enough to attend the Merrie Monarch Festival, you’ll witness some of the most prestigious hula competitions in the world. The festival showcases both hula kahiko and hula ‘auana performances. Tickets are highly coveted and require advance planning.
- Local Lū’au: Traditional Hawaiian lū’au often feature hula performances as part of the entertainment. Look for lū’au that prioritize authenticity and cultural sensitivity. Germaine’s Lū’au on O’ahu can be a good option, as it is one of the oldest and consistently attempts to provide a cultural experience as well as entertainment.
Tips for Watching Hula Performances:
- Do Your Research: Before attending a hula performance, learn about the hālau hula and the kumu hula who are performing. This will help you appreciate the performance on a deeper level.
- Be Respectful: During the performance, be respectful of the dancers and the music. Avoid talking loudly, texting, or taking flash photos.
- Listen to the Story: Pay attention to the chants and songs that accompany the hula. They provide the narrative context for the dance.
- Engage with the Culture: After the performance, consider asking questions or engaging in conversation with the dancers or kumu hula. This is a great way to learn more about the culture and show your appreciation.
Hula and Spirituality: Connecting to the Divine
Hula is not just a dance; it’s a spiritual practice that connects dancers to the divine and to the natural world. In ancient Hawaii, hula was performed as a form of worship and a way to communicate with the gods. The movements, chants, and regalia all carried symbolic meanings that evoked spiritual energy.
The connection to the land (ʻāina) is a central aspect of hula. Dancers draw inspiration from the natural environment, incorporating movements that mimic the ocean waves, the swaying trees, and the flight of birds. This connection to the land fosters a sense of reverence and respect for the natural world.
Through hula, dancers can express their gratitude, their love, and their connection to something larger than themselves. It is a way to honor their ancestors, to preserve their culture, and to share their aloha with the world. Every movement is infused with intention and meaning, making hula a powerful form of spiritual expression. Many practitioners describe hula as a meditative practice, aiding not only physical health but mental and spiritual harmony.
Practical Example: Decoding a Simple Hula
Let’s imagine a simple hula about the beauty of a Hawaiian sunrise. Here’s how the elements might come together:
- Chant/Song: The mele (song) would describe the sunrise, mentioning colors like “ula” (red) and “melemele” (yellow), and referencing the rising sun “ka lā hiki ola”.
- Hand Gestures:
- Hands rising in an arc to represent the sun rising.
- Fingers spreading open to show the rays of the sun.
- Hands cupped to represent the ocean reflecting the sunlight.
- Gestures for specific flowers and birds that greet the morning.
- Footwork: Gentle steps that suggest a feeling of peace and tranquility as the sun rises. Possibly hela steps to simulate the swaying of trees in the morning breeze.
- Regalia: Lei that represents the colors of the sunrise, possibly with touches of yellow and orange.
Even in this simple example, you can see how each element of hula combines to create a rich and meaningful story.
Modern Evolution and Cultural Preservation
Today, hula continues to evolve while remaining rooted in its traditions. Modern hula incorporates contemporary themes and styles, reflecting the changing experiences of the Hawaiian people. However, great effort is placed on hula kahiko, the ancient styles. Modern hula incorporates aspects of hula ‘auana but also the ancient forms and practices such as storytelling using chant and implement.
The preservation of hula is an important endeavor for the native Hawaiian population. Through hālau (hula schools) and cultural centers, the younger generation are taught its movements and encouraged to learn more about it in classes. Kumu Hula continue to perpetuate the art of hula. By encouraging its survival, the Hawaiian people can continue its legacy for future generations.
The Broader Impact: Hula Beyond Performance
The principles and practices of hula extend far beyond the dance floor. The values of aloha (love, compassion), lokahi (unity, harmony), and kuleana (responsibility) are integral to the hula tradition and can be applied to many aspects of life. Many students of Hula apply the principles taught by their instructor into their home and business lives. These principles lead students to succeed and bring harmony and success into their work.
Hula fosters a sense of community and belonging. Hula schools often become like extended families, providing support and encouragement to their members. The shared experience of learning hula creates strong bonds and fosters a sense of cultural pride.
Moreover, hula promotes physical and mental well-being. The dance requires strength, flexibility, and coordination, while the chants and music can be therapeutic and uplifting. Many dancers find that hula helps them connect with their bodies, release stress, and cultivate a sense of inner peace.
FAQ Section
Q: What’s the difference between hula kahiko and hula ‘auana?
A: Hula kahiko is the ancient form of hula, characterized by powerful movements, guttural chants, and percussion instruments. Hula ‘auana is a more modern style influenced by Western music and instruments, with smoother movements and often more melodic songs.
Q: Do I need to be Hawaiian to learn hula?
A: No, anyone can learn hula as long as they approach it with respect and a genuine desire to learn about the culture. However, it’s essential to find a reputable kumu hula who is knowledgeable about the traditions and spiritual aspects of hula.
Q: What should I wear to a hula class?
A: Wear comfortable clothing that allows you to move freely. Some hula schools may have specific dress codes, so it’s best to check with your kumu hula beforehand. Often, a simple pareo (sarong) is appropriate.
Q: Can I learn hula online?
A: While there are online hula classes available, it’s generally recommended to learn in person from a kumu hula. The in-person experience allows for more personalized instruction and a deeper connection to the culture.
Q: How long does it take to learn hula?
A: Learning hula is a lifelong journey. It takes time, dedication, and patience to master the movements, chants, and cultural understanding that are essential to the art form. Don’t expect to become an expert overnight!
Q: How do I find a reputable Kumu Hula?
A: Research is key. Ask for recommendations from people who are already involved in the Hawaiian cultural community. Look for Kumu who have a strong lineage (a clear line of teachers who have taught them) and are recognized within the community because of their knowledge and respect for their profession. Observe the Kumu teaching style and talk to their students, if possible. Look for a Kumu that not only has the proper instruction but also a genuine desire to preserve cultural values.
References
Barrère, D. B. (1980). Hula: Historical Perspectives. Bishop Museum Press.
Emerson, N. B. (1909). Unwritten Literature of Hawaii: The Sacred Songs of the Hula. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 38.
Kanahele, G. S. (1986). Kū Kanaka: Stand Tall. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Tatar, E. (1993). H Hawaiian and its Transformations. Bishop Museum Press.
Ready to experience the hidden language of hula for yourself? Whether you decide to take a class, attend a performance, or simply listen to Hawaiian music with a new appreciation, I encourage you to immerse yourself in this rich and vibrant culture. Hula offers not just a beautiful dance but a profound connection to the past, the present, and the spirit of aloha. Start your journey today and discover the stories waiting to be told through movement, music, and the heart of Hawaii.
