Hawaii’s lava caves, or lava tubes, are incredible geological formations carved by flowing molten rock. These subterranean passageways offer a unique glimpse into the volcanic processes that shaped the Hawaiian Islands, offering a chance to explore a part of Earth’s fiery core right here on the surface. From easy walks to advanced spelunking, there’s a lava tube adventure for everyone visiting Hawaii.
Understanding Lava Tubes
Lava tubes form when the surface of a lava flow cools and hardens, creating a crust. Molten lava continues to flow beneath this hardened crust, insulating the liquid rock and allowing it to maintain its high temperature, and flow over long distances. Once the eruption ceases and the lava source is cut off, the molten rock drains out, leaving behind a hollow tunnel – a lava tube!
The size of lava tubes can vary dramatically. Some are small, barely crawlable passages, while others are gigantic caverns large enough to house entire buildings. During the formation of lava tubes, the lava itself can leave various interesting features like lava stalactites (lavacicles), benches that show the level of the lava flow at different times, and even the ropy textures of pahoehoe lava frozen in place on the walls and ceilings. These features, if left undisturbed, tell a story of the tube’s fiery past.
There are several factors that influence the formation of lava tubes: the type of lava (pahoehoe tends to be better at forming tubes than ‘a’a), the rate of eruption, and the slope of the land. Steeper slopes can encourage faster flow, which can lead to larger, more extensive tube systems.
Where to Find Lava Caves in Hawaii: Specific Spots
While lava tubes exist on all Hawaiian islands, the Big Island (Hawaii Island) and Kauai are the most well-known for easily accessible and explorable lava tubes. A few also exist on Oahu, but these are far less accessible.
Hawaii Island (Big Island)
Hawaii Island is the youngest and most volcanically active island, boasting the greatest number and variety of lava tubes. Here are a few that can be visited:
Kazumura Cave
Kazumura Cave is the longest and deepest lava tube in the world. While much of Kazumura Cave is only accessible to experienced cavers with proper equipment and permits, sections are open for guided tours. These tours, offered by private companies, venture deep within the cave system and provide insight into its geological history and unique ecosystem. Kazumura Cave is a truly remarkable lava tube and definitely for the adventurous! Prices vary depending on the length and content of the tour, but you can expect to pay somewhere between $60 and $200 or more. This is depending on the company and tour level.
Thurston Lava Tube (Nāhuku)
Located within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Thurston Lava Tube (Nāhuku) is one of the most popular and easily accessible lava tubes in Hawaii. A paved path leads through a lush rainforest to the entrance of the tube, where you can walk through a well-lit, 500-foot-long section. The walk through the tube is relatively short and flat, making it suitable for people of all ages and fitness levels. The park asks for (and enforces) an entrance pass as well as parking fees at $30 per vehicle. The park itself is open 24/7, however the access to the lava tube is closed after dark for safety and preservation reasons.
Mauna Loa Lava Tube
The Mauna Loa Lava Tube, also within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, offers a more remote and challenging experience. This tube is not as well-maintained as Thurston, requiring some scrambling over rocks and uneven surfaces. Access to the Mauna Loa Lava Tube entails a 3.7 mile hike. The hike takes place at a high elevation, thus the air is thin. The tube can be accessed once you’ve hiked the trail. This requires wearing proper footwear and bringing a flashlight or headlamp is essential, as the tube is completely dark. This trail is often far less crowded than Thurston.
Tip: When exploring lava tubes in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, check the park’s website or visitor center for current conditions and closures. Conditions within the park can change quickly, and certain areas may be closed due to volcanic activity or other hazards.
Kauai
On Kauai, one lava tube stands out above the rest:
The Kauai Cave
Previously known as the Maniniholo Dry Cave, the “Kauai Cave” is located near Haena State Park. It’s actually a remnant of an ancient sea cave carved by waves thousands of years ago. The cave is relatively short and easy to explore, offering a glimpse into the island’s geological history. It is free and requires no reservation. It’s basically a large overhang and a decent photo-op! A lot of tourists combine it with a visit to the Haena State Park to make the most of their car reservation at the park!
Oahu
While Oahu isn’t known for its easily accessible lava tubes, there are a few to discover. They are generally undeveloped and more suited for experienced hikers and cavers.
Kaneana Cave (Kaneana Heiau)
Kaneana Cave, also known as Kaneana Heiau, while technically a sea cave, also features lava tube characteristics. This cave is located on the west side of Oahu and holds significant cultural importance. It is believed to have been a sacred site in ancient Hawaiian times. Access to the cave is free, and it’s a great place to learn about Hawaiian culture and geology.
Safety and Environmental Considerations
Exploring lava tubes can be an exciting adventure, but it’s essential to prioritize safety and environmental responsibility. To prepare yourself, these are some things you can do:
- Wear appropriate footwear: Sturdy hiking shoes or boots with good traction are essential, as the surfaces inside lava tubes can be slippery and uneven.
- Bring a light source: A headlamp or flashlight is necessary for navigating the dark interiors of lava tubes. Extra batteries are always a good idea.
- Stay hydrated: Carry plenty of water, especially on longer hikes, to avoid dehydration.
- Be aware of your surroundings: Watch out for low ceilings, sharp rocks, and uneven surfaces. Avoid touching the walls and ceilings, as they may be fragile and easily damaged.
- Leave no trace: Pack out everything you pack in, and avoid disturbing the natural environment. Do not leave trash, graffiti, or anything else behind.
- Respect cultural sites: Some lava tubes, like Kaneana Cave, have significant cultural importance. Treat these sites with respect, and follow any guidelines or restrictions in place.
Avoid exploring lava tubes alone. Always explore with a buddy or in a group.
While it may be tempting to collect souvenirs, do NOT take anything from the cave such as rocks, lava, or other natural materials. These formations are delicate and irreplaceable, and their removal can damage the cave system and harm the environment.
Hawaii’s Unique Ecosystems within Lava Tubes
Lava tubes, despite their seemingly barren environment, can be home to unique and fragile ecosystems. These subterranean environments are dark, humid, and nutrient-poor, which means that only highly specialized organisms can survive. These can include cave adapted spiders and insects, often blind and colorless due to the lack of sunlight. Some tubes also harbor colonies of bats, which play an important role in the ecosystem by pollinating plants and controlling insect populations.
These ecosystems are very sensitive to disturbance, and human activities can have a significant impact. Introducing foreign materials, such as trash or pollutants, can disrupt the delicate balance of the ecosystem and harm the organisms that live there. Even seemingly harmless actions, such as touching the walls of the cave, can introduce oils and other contaminants that can damage the cave formations and harm the organisms that rely on them. It also goes without saying that graffiti or other destructive measures can impact the environment, and it is harmful to the ecosystem.
Other Volcanic Wonders in Hawaii
Exploring lava tubes is only one way to experience Hawaii’s volcanic landscape. The Hawaiian Islands offer a wealth of other volcanic wonders that are worth exploring. Other spots include:
- Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: Beyond the lava tubes, this park is home to active volcanoes, steaming vents, and vast lava fields. Hike to the summit of Kilauea, explore the Halema’uma’u Crater, and witness the raw power of volcanic activity.
- Diamond Head (Le’ahi): This iconic volcanic crater on Oahu offers stunning panoramic views of Waikiki and the surrounding coastline. Hike to the summit for an unforgettable experience.
- Haleakala National Park: Located on Maui, Haleakala is a dormant volcano that offers breathtaking sunrise and sunset views. Explore the park’s unique landscape, including cinder cones, lava flows, and endemic plant life.
- Punalu’u Black Sand Beach: This black sand beach on the Big Island is formed from volcanic rock. Keep an eye out for endangered Hawksbill turtles basking in the sun.
Tips for Planning Your Lava Tube Adventure
- Research different lava tubes: Choose the lava tube that is best suited for your fitness level and experience. Some lava tubes are easy to explore, while others are more challenging and require specialized equipment.
- Book tours in advance: Guided tours of Kazumura Cave and other popular lava tubes often sell out quickly, especially during peak season. Book your tour in advance to avoid disappointment.
- Check the weather forecast: Weather conditions in Hawaii can change quickly, especially in mountainous areas. Check the forecast before you go, and be prepared for rain or wind.
- Pack essentials: Bring plenty of water, snacks, sunscreen, insect repellent, and a first-aid kit.
- Respect the environment: Follow Leave No Trace principles, and avoid disturbing the natural environment.
FAQ Section
Are lava tubes dangerous?
Lava tubes can be dangerous if you’re not prepared or careful. Hazards include slippery surfaces, uneven terrain, low ceilings, and potential rockfalls. Always wear appropriate footwear, bring a light source, and be aware of your surroundings. Avoid exploring lava tubes alone, and never enter areas that are marked as off-limits.
What should I wear when exploring a lava tube?
Wear sturdy hiking shoes or boots with good traction. Long pants and a long-sleeved shirt are recommended to protect your skin from scratches and scrapes. A hat can also help protect your head from low ceilings and sharp rocks.
Can I explore lava tubes on my own, or do I need a guide?
This depends on the specific lava tube and your experience level. Some lava tubes, like Thurston Lava Tube in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, are easy to explore on your own. However, others, like Kazumura Cave, are more challenging and require a guide. It’s always best to do your research and assess your abilities before attempting to explore a lava tube on your own.
Are there any age restrictions for exploring lava tubes?
Age restrictions may vary depending on the specific lava tube and tour operator. Some tours may not be suitable for young children or people with mobility issues. Check with the tour operator for specific age restrictions and recommendations.
What is the best time of year to explore lava tubes in Hawaii?
Lava tubes can be explored year-round, but the best time to visit depends on your preferences and tolerance for weather conditions. The summer months (June-August) are generally warmer and drier, while the winter months (December-February) are cooler and wetter. Always check the forecast before you go, and be prepared for rain or wind.
References List
- Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Website
- Kauai Cave description and access details
- Geological Society of America Publications
Ready to embark on your own lava adventure? The Hawaiian Islands are waiting to amaze you with their fiery beauty. Pack your bags, grab your flashlight, and get ready to explore the earth’s fiery core in paradise! Remember to respect the land, stay safe, and marvel at the geological wonders around you. Which lava tube will you explore first?
