Hawaii’s black sand beaches are a stark contrast to the typical golden sands, offering a unique and dramatic coastal experience. Formed by volcanic activity, these beaches are a must-see for any visitor exploring the Hawaiian Islands. This guide will give you everything you need to know about these incredible locations, from how they are formed to the best spots to visit and how to make the most of your trip.
The Science Behind the Black Sand: Volcanic Origins
Black sand beaches, also known as black lava beaches, owe their existence to the explosive nature of Hawaiian volcanoes. When molten lava encounters the cool ocean water, it rapidly cools and shatters. This process creates basalt, a dark-colored volcanic rock. Over time, the relentless pounding of the waves grinds down the basalt into fine, black sand. The main component is usually volcanic glass and other minerals that give the sand its characteristic color. The intensity of the black coloration can vary depending on the composition of the lava and the degree of weathering and erosion.
Punalu’u Black Sand Beach: Big Island’s Treasured Shore
Punalu’u Black Sand Beach on the Big Island is arguably the most famous and easily accessible black sand beach in Hawaii. Located on the southeastern coast between the towns of Pāhala and Nāʻālehu, Punalu’u is more than just a pretty picture; it’s a haven for endangered Hawaiian green sea turtles (honu) and hawksbill turtles (‘ea). You’ll often find them basking in the sun on the warm sand, warming them for their activities. While observing them is a privilege, it’s vital to remember to keep a respectful distance (at least 10 feet, as recommended by NOAA) and avoid disturbing them—it’s the law and it protects these vulnerable creatures.
Getting There: The easiest way to reach Punalu’u is by car. From Kona, drive south on Highway 11 for about two hours. From Hilo, take Highway 11 south for about an hour and a half. The beach is well-signed, and there is a large parking area. Be aware the parking can fill up quickly, especially during peak hours (mid-day).
What to Expect: Punalu’u has basic facilities, including restrooms, picnic tables, and showers. The sand can get incredibly hot during the day, so wear sandals or reef shoes. Swimming can be tricky due to strong currents and the rocky bottom, although there is sheltered area near the boat ramp that is generally safer. Keep an eye on posted swimming warnings.
Cost: There is no fee to access Punalu’u Black Sand Beach. Parking is free.
Recommendations: Pack a picnic lunch, sunscreen, and plenty of water. Bring your camera to capture the beauty of the beach and the turtles, but remember your distance! A pair of binoculars can also enhance your turtle-watching experience. If you plan on swimming, consider bringing reef shoes for better traction and foot protection. Please be very respectful of the marine animals and avoid touching or feeding them.
Waipi’o Valley Beach: A Remote Paradise
Waipi’o Valley, also on the Big Island, offers a more secluded and adventurous black sand beach experience. Waipi’o means “curved water” in Hawaiian. This valley, once a thriving agricultural center and home to Hawaiian royalty, is now a place of breathtaking natural beauty. The black sand beach stretches for about a mile along the valley floor, framed by towering 2,000-foot cliffs and lush vegetation.
Getting There: Reaching the beach itself is a challenge due to the steep, restricted road leading down into the valley. Unless you have a 4-wheel drive vehicle with low-range gearing and a permit (which are difficult to obtain), hiking down is the most common option. The hike down (and more importantly, back up) is strenuous, with an elevation change of around 900 feet over a short distance. Guided tours are also available that provide transportation into the valley. Starting in 2023, vehicular access of any kind is currently prohibited to most individuals. The best way to enjoy the Valley from the Waipio Valley Overlook.
What to Expect: The beach is wild and relatively deserted. The surf can be very strong, making swimming dangerous. The sheer scale of the valley and the presence of wild horses create a truly unique and unforgettable atmosphere. Be sure to check the weather forecast before you go, as heavy rain can make the trail muddy and slippery. This is on the windward side of the island so you can be sure about quick changing conditions.
Cost: There is no fee to visit the Waipi’o Valley Overlook. There may be costs associated with guided tours, which vary depending on the operator.
Recommendations: Wear sturdy hiking shoes and bring plenty of water and snacks. Be prepared for a challenging hike. Respect the sacredness of the valley and be mindful of the local community. Stay on marked trails and avoid disturbing the natural environment. Don’t rely on cell service.
Kehena Beach: Clothing-Optional Seclusion
Kehena Beach, located near Kalapana on the Big Island’s Puna coast, is a small, secluded black sand beach known for its clothing-optional atmosphere. It’s a popular spot for locals and visitors who want to enjoy the sun and surf in a more natural setting. Be aware that this beach is relatively isolated and has limited facilities.
Getting There: Kehena Beach is accessible by car via Highway 137 (the Red Road). There is a small parking area at the top of the cliff, and a short, steep trail leads down to the beach. The trail can be slippery, so wear appropriate shoes.
What to Expect: Kehena Beach is relatively small compared to other black sand beaches. The surf can be rough, but there is often a protected cove where swimming is possible. The beach is surrounded by lava cliffs, providing a sense of privacy. Be aware of strong currents which can be quite dangerous. Also be aware of the clothing-optional policy and be respectful of others.
Cost: There is no fee to access Kehena Beach. Parking is free.
Recommendations: Bring sunscreen, water, and a towel. Be prepared for a steep hike down to the beach. If you choose to go nude, be aware of your surroundings and be respectful of others. Be cautious of the surf and currents. This beach is not appropriate for young children. Review community rules about behavior on clothing optional beaches.
Pohoiki Black Sand Beach (Isaac Hale Beach Park): A New Beginning
Pohoiki Black Sand Beach, also known as Isaac Hale Beach Park, is a relatively new black sand beach formed in 2018 when the Kilauea volcano erupted and lava flowed into the ocean, creating a new coastline and a natural hot pond. Located on the Puna coast of the Big Island, this beach offers a unique opportunity to witness the power of volcanic activity and enjoy warm, geothermal-heated water.
Getting There: Pohoiki is located on Highway 137, south of Pahoa. The drive is scenic, passing through lush rainforest and lava fields. The road is now fully restored after the 2018 eruption, but check local conditions before you go as there can be detours due to ongoing roadwork.
What to Expect: Pohoiki offers a variety of activities, including swimming, surfing, and soaking in the warm, geothermal-heated water. The black sand beach is wide and expansive. Be cautious of strong currents and waves, especially near the harbor entrance. The hot ponds are naturally heated and vary in temperature – test the water before entering. Facilities include restrooms, showers, picnic tables, and lifeguards on duty. It can be crowded.
Cost: There is no fee to access Pohoiki Black Sand Beach. Parking is free.
Recommendations: Bring a towel, sunscreen, and plenty of water. Wear reef shoes to protect your feet from the rocky bottom. Be cautious of the sun and heat, and stay hydrated. Supervise children closely, especially near the water. Respect the environment and avoid disturbing the natural ecosystem. The ocean conditions can change rapidly.
Black Sand Beach Safety: Crucial Considerations
While beautiful, black sand beaches can pose certain safety challenges:
Hot Sand: The dark color absorbs heat, making the sand extremely hot underfoot, especially during midday. Wear footwear at all times.
Strong Currents: Many black sand beaches are located in areas with strong currents and powerful surf. Heed warning signs and swim only in designated areas or when conditions are calm. If in doubt, don’t go out.
Rocky Bottoms: The ocean floor can be rocky and uneven, increasing the risk of cuts and scrapes. Wear reef shoes to protect your feet.
Dehydration and Sunburn: The black sand reflects sunlight, increasing the risk of sunburn and dehydration. Wear sunscreen, a hat, and sunglasses, and drink plenty of water.
Volcanic Hazards: In areas near active volcanoes, there may be risks associated with volcanic gases or ashfall. Monitor local alerts and follow safety guidelines.
Beyond the Big Island: Other Black Sand Beach Spots
While the Big Island is renowned for its black sand beaches, other Hawaiian islands also have notable locations:
Honokalani Black Sand Beach (Maui): Located in Waiʻanapanapa State Park near Hana, this beach features stunning sea caves, a blowhole, and the glistening black sand. Reservations are required to enter the park. They can be acquired here. Campsites are also available in the park.
Oneuli Beach (Maui): Situated near the Makena Golf & Beach Resort, Oneuli Beach is a more secluded black sand beach on Maui’s south shore. The calm waters are ideal for snorkeling.
Secret Island (Oahu): On the windward side of Oahu is the Kualoa Ranch, which has many tourist activities. Kualoa Ranch includes a visit to Secret Island. This island, which is only accessible as part of a tour, has a small stretch of black sand on its shores.
Black Sand Beach Park (Kauai): Located on the east side of Kilauea, this park offers another beautiful place for visiting a black sand beach. Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge is nearby where you can observe Nene, Laysan albatrosses and other native birds.
Honokalani Black Sand Beach (Maui): Waiʻanapanapa State Park
Honokalani Black Sand Beach, nestled within Waiʻanapanapa State Park near Hana on Maui, is a truly captivating destination. “Waiʻanapanapa” translates to “glistening water” in Hawaiian, and the park lives up to its name. This beach isn’t just about the black sand; it’s an immersive experience encompassing sea caves, a blowhole (where water shoots up with the crashing waves), ancient Hawaiian trails, and panoramic ocean views.
Getting There: Waiʻanapanapa State Park is located off the Hana Highway (Highway 360) just before reaching the town of Hana. The drive to Hana is legendary, with its winding roads, narrow bridges, and lush rainforest scenery. Plan for at least a 2-3 hour drive from Kahului Airport (OGG). Due to its popularity, reservations are required to enter the park, regardless of whether you’re camping or just visiting for the day. You can make reservations online.
What to Expect: Honokalani’s black sand is fine and smooth, contrasted by the turquoise waters and vibrant green foliage. Explore the sea caves, but be aware that some may be slippery or have strong currents. Hike along the coastal trails for stunning views of the rugged coastline. Watch out for the Haele’ele’e (Blowhole), where waves surge into a lava tube, creating a spectacular spray of water. The park also has camping facilities, but reservations are essential. This can be a busy location, so be respectful and arrive early.
Cost: There is an entry fee per vehicle and per person for out-of-state visitors. Camping fees also apply. See the state park website for the most up-to-date pricing.
Recommendations: Make reservations well in advance, especially if you’re planning to camp. Wear comfortable shoes for hiking and exploring the caves. Bring water and snacks, as there are limited food options within the park. Keep an eye on the surf and currents, and avoid swimming in dangerous areas. The windward side of Maui picks up more rain than the Kona side so be sure conditions have been checked before travel.
Oneuli Beach (Maui): A South Shore Gem
Maui’s south shore hides away the gem of Oneuli Beach, a stunning black sand beach nestled near the Makena Golf & Beach Resort. Oneuli translates to “dark sands” in Hawaiian. This beach offers a more secluded experience, with calmer waters often great for snorkeling and stunning views of the nearby volcanic cinder cones. It’s a less crowded option compared to the more famous black sand beaches, making it perfect for a peaceful escape.
Getting There: Oneuli Beach is accessible via a dirt road off Makena Alanui Road, south of the Makena Golf & Beach Resort. The road can be bumpy in places, but most standard vehicles should be able to manage it. There’s a small parking area at the end of the road. Be mindful of pedestrians and other vehicles on the road.
What to Expect: Oneuli’s black sand is mixed with fragments of coral and shells, giving it a slightly different texture than the pure black sand of other beaches. The water is generally calm and clear, making it ideal for snorkeling and swimming. The beach is backed by a cinder cone, providing a dramatic backdrop. Be aware that there are no facilities (restrooms, showers) at Oneuli Beach, so come prepared. Also it’s exposed with little shade.
Cost: There is no fee to access Oneuli Beach. Parking is free.
Recommendations: Bring your own snorkeling gear. Pack a picnic lunch and plenty of water. Wear sunscreen and a hat, as there is limited shade. Be respectful of the environment and avoid disturbing the marine life. Consider bringing beach chairs if you plan on staying a while.
Secret Island (Oahu): A Kualoa Ranch Exclusive
Secret Island is not a true desert island, but a private beach area, as much on Oahu’s windward coast called Moli’i at Kualoa Ranch. Kualoa Ranch itself is a large, working cattle ranch and popular tourist destination, offering a variety of activities, including horseback riding, ATV tours, zip-lining, and movie site tours (Jurassic Park was filmed here!). A visit to Secret Island is typically included as part of a tour package. While the beach itself is mostly white sand, it boasts a small but beautiful section of black sand.
Getting There: Access to Secret Island is exclusively through Kualoa Ranch. You’ll need to book a tour that includes a visit to the island. Transportation to the island is usually provided by the ranch, often via a catamaran ride across Kaneohe Bay. Check the Kualoa Ranch website (www.kualoa.com) for tour options and pricing.
What to Expect: Secret Island offers a range of activities, including swimming, kayaking, canoeing, volleyball, and relaxing on the beach. The black sand section is relatively small but picturesque. The island is well-maintained and offers a sense of seclusion. Facilities include restrooms, showers, and picnic tables. Be aware that Secret Island can be crowded, especially during peak season.
Cost: The cost of visiting Secret Island depends on the specific tour package you choose. Check the Kualoa Ranch website for pricing details.
Recommendations: Book your tour in advance, especially during peak season. Bring sunscreen, a hat, and a towel. Wear comfortable clothing and shoes that can get wet. If you plan on participating in water activities, consider bringing water shoes. Be prepared for a fun and active day.
Black Sand Beach Park (Kauai): Kilauea’s Coastal Beauty
Black Sand Beach Park, located on the east side of Kauai near Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge, provides a serene and scenic spot to experience Kauai’s coastline, a small black sand beach, and abundant birdlife. While not as famous as some of the Big Island’s black sand beaches, this park offers a peaceful and picturesque setting for visitors seeking natural beauty and wildlife observation.
Getting There: Black Sand Beach Park is located off Kilauea Road near the Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge which is near the northernmost tip of Kauai. It’s a short drive from the town of Kilauea and about an hour from Lihue Airport (LIH). There is a small parking area at the park.
What to Expect: The black sand beach at Black Sand Beach Park is small and rocky. Swimming is not generally recommended due to strong currents and rough surf. However, the park offers stunning ocean views and opportunities for birdwatching. Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge is a short drive away and is home to a variety of seabirds, including Laysan albatrosses, red-footed boobies, and wedge-tailed shearwaters.
Cost: There is no fee to access Black Sand Beach Park. There is entry fee to the national wildlife refuge.
Recommendations: Bring binoculars for birdwatching. Wear sturdy shoes for walking on the rocky terrain. Pack a picnic lunch and enjoy the views. Visit Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge to see the seabirds (reservations required). Be aware of the strong currents and avoid swimming. There are no lifeguards. Also be aware of the endangered Nene goose in the area. A good place to view whales during winter months.
Responsible Tourism: Preserving the Black Sand Beaches
Hawaii’s black sand beaches are fragile ecosystems that require responsible tourism practices:
Leave No Trace: Pack out everything you pack in, including trash and food scraps.
Stay on Marked Trails: Avoid trampling sensitive vegetation and disturbing wildlife habitats.
Respect Wildlife: Observe marine animals from a safe distance and avoid touching or feeding them.
Don’t Take Sand or Rocks: Removing sand or rocks from Hawaiian beaches is illegal and can damage the ecosystem.
Support Local Businesses: Choose locally owned businesses that practice sustainable tourism.
Use Reef-Safe Sunscreen: Protect the coral reefs by using sunscreen that is free of oxybenzone and octinoxate.
FAQ Section
Are black sand beaches hot?
Yes, black sand absorbs more heat than white sand, so it can get very hot, especially during the day. It is highly recommended to wear footwear to prevent burning your feet.
Can I swim at black sand beaches?
Swimming is possible at some black sand beaches, but it’s essential to check conditions and heed any warnings. Strong currents and rocky bottoms are common hazards. Pohoiki Beach’s protected area is considered safer for swimming than many other black sand beaches.
Can I take black sand home with me?
No, it is against the law and culturally insensitive to remove sand, rocks, or any natural materials from Hawaiian beaches. Doing so can also have negative ecological consequences.
Why are some black sand beaches greener than others?
Some beaches may appear greyish-green due to the mixing of black basalt with green olivine crystals, another volcanic mineral.
What should I wear to a black sand beach?
Wear swimwear, a hat, sunglasses, and reef-safe sunscreen. It’s advisable to wear sandals or reef shoes to protect your feet from the hot sand and rocky bottoms.
References List
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Kualoa Ranch Website
Maui Visitor Bureau
State Parks of Hawaii
Hawaiian Tourism Authority
Ready to witness the raw beauty of Hawaii’s black sand beaches? Start planning your trip today. Whether you’re basking in the sun next to basking turtles at Punalu’u or navigating the stunning landscape of Waiʻanapanapa State Park, these dramatic shores offer unforgettable experiences. Remember to respect the environment, practice responsible tourism, and immerse yourself in the unique charm of these volcanic landscapes. What are you waiting for? Your adventure awaits!
