Hawaii, a volcanic wonderland, holds secrets beneath its hardened lava surfaces: intricate lava tubes and expansive chambers. These subterranean worlds offer a unique perspective on the islands’ geological history and are increasingly becoming accessible (and regulated) for exploration, though only with proper gear, training, and, often, guided tours. This article dives deep into some of Hawaii’s most fascinating lava chambers, detailing where to find them, how to explore them safely, and what makes each one special.
Exploring the Geology: How Lava Tubes Form
Before we venture into specific locations, understanding how lava tubes form is crucial. Imagine a river of molten lava flowing on the surface. As the top layer cools and hardens, it creates a crust. Now, the lava underneath continues to flow, essentially tunneling beneath the solidified surface. Once the eruption subsides and the lava drains away, a hollow tube is left behind. Over time, these tubes can become quite extensive, sometimes branching into complex networks with massive chambers. This process explained by the USGS is responsible for the incredible underground formations we’re about to explore.
Kazumura Cave: The Big Island’s Giant
Located on the slopes of Kilauea on the Big Island, Kazumura Cave is one of the world’s longest and deepest lava tubes. Estimates put its total length at over 65 miles, with a depth exceeding 3,600 feet. Exploring the entire cave system is a multi-day expedition for experienced cavers, but guided tours offer a glimpse into its wonders. These tours, often led by local experts, can range from a few hours to full-day adventures. Be prepared for some tight squeezes, slippery surfaces, and potentially unstable ground. Expect tour prices to range from $75 to $200 depending on the length and intensity. Remember to check reviews before booking to ensure your group has compatible expectations regarding physical challenges and tour pace. More information is available via Hawaii Speleological Survey regarding Kazumura Cave documentation.
Practical Tips when visiting:
- Wear sturdy hiking boots with good ankle support.
- Bring headlamps with extra batteries (a second light source is highly recommended).
- Wear long pants and sleeves to protect your skin from scratches.
- Pack plenty of water and snacks.
- Consider wearing gloves.
- Most importantly, listen carefully to your guides and follow their instructions.
The Thurston Lava Tube (Nāhuku): An Accessible Option
For a less strenuous but still rewarding experience, head to Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park and visit Nāhuku, also known as the Thurston Lava Tube. This tube is far more accessible than Kazumura Cave, with a paved walkway and lighting in the main section. It provides a fantastic introduction to lava tube formations without requiring specialized equipment or extensive physical exertion. The tube is relatively short, about 500 feet long, but its impressive size and lush surrounding rainforest make it a popular stop. Entering the park requires a fee of $30 per vehicle, valid for 7 days. Visiting Nāhuku is free with Park admission, but you should check the park’s website for current conditions, closures, or any associated permits for special access. Consider visiting early or late in the day to avoid crowds. The park offers official information about Nāhuku on their website.
Kaumana Caves: A Self-Guided Adventure
Located just outside Hilo, the Kaumana Caves offer a self-guided exploration experience. Two entrances lead into a section of a lava tube formed during the 1881 eruption of Mauna Loa. Unlike Nāhuku, there are no paved walkways or artificial lighting here, so you’ll need to bring your own flashlights and sturdy shoes. The cave floor is uneven and can be slippery, especially after rain. While you can explore on your own, it’s always a good idea to go with a friend or in a small group for safety. Pay close attention to your surroundings and avoid venturing too far into the tube if you’re not comfortable. There are no fees associated with visiting Kaumana Caves, making them a budget-friendly option. It is crucial to note that the cave is considered sacred to many Native Hawaiians. Respectful behavior is expected at all times. Keep noise levels down and avoid touching or disturbing any features within the cave.
Underground Pools: The Unique Water Caves of Maui
While the Big Island and Oahu are well known for dry lava tubes, Maui also boasts subterranean wonders, most notably those containing pools of crystal clear yet cold water. The exact locations of these are kept relatively secret due to the fragile ecosystems and the need to protect them from over-visitation. If one has the opportunity, finding knowledgeable guides who understand the sensitivity of the land and are respectful caretakers, is key to venturing to such a place responsibly. Costs for these guided tours will vary significantly depending on the location, length, and level of expertise provided. Expect to pay upwards of $150 – $300 for a half-day experience, and potentially much more for more remote locations and specialized guides.
Safety First: Essential Gear and Precautions
Regardless of which lava tube you plan to explore, safety should always be your top priority. Here’s a checklist of essential gear and precautions:
- Headlamps: A reliable headlamp is essential. Choose a model with a high lumen output and bring extra batteries. A backup headlamp or flashlight is also recommended.
- Sturdy Footwear: Hiking boots or sturdy closed-toe shoes are a must. Avoid sandals or flip-flops, as they offer little protection and can be slippery.
- Protective Clothing: Long pants and sleeves are recommended to protect your skin from scratches and scrapes. Consider wearing gloves as well.
- Water and Snacks: Stay hydrated and energized by bringing plenty of water and snacks.
- First-Aid Kit: A basic first-aid kit can be invaluable in case of minor injuries.
- Navigation Tools: If you’re exploring a less well-known lava tube, consider bringing a map, compass, or GPS device, even with that said, GPS may be unreliable in these enclosed environments. Better to use your natural cave navigation skills.
- Inform Someone: Always let someone know where you’re going and when you expect to return.
- Check the Weather: Avoid exploring lava tubes during or after heavy rain, as flash floods can be a risk.
- Respect the Environment: Leave no trace behind. Pack out everything you pack in and avoid disturbing the natural environment.
Respecting Cultural and Environmental Sensitivity
Remember that lava tubes are not just geological formations; they are also culturally significant sites for Native Hawaiians. Show respect for the land and its history by following these guidelines:
- Avoid touching or disturbing any cultural artifacts.
- Keep noise levels to a minimum.
- Do not remove any rocks or other materials from the cave.
- Be mindful of the delicate ecosystems within the lava tubes.
Furthermore, these fragile underground environments are home to unique species of invertebrates and other organisms that can be sensitive to disturbance. Sticking to established trails, avoiding touching cave walls, and minimizing your impact can all help preserve these unique ecosystems.
Photography Tips for Lava Tubes
Capturing the beauty of lava tubes can be challenging, but with a few tips, you can get some stunning shots:
- Use a wide-angle lens: This will allow you to capture the vastness of the chambers.
- Bring a tripod: Long exposures are often necessary in the low-light conditions. A tripod will keep your camera steady and prevent blurry images.
- Experiment with different lighting techniques: Use your headlamp or a flashlight to highlight different features of the lava tube. Consider light painting to create dramatic effects.
- Be patient: It may take some time to find the perfect angles and lighting.
A handy trick is to set your camera’s ISO to a higher value (e.g., 800 or 1600) to allow more light into the sensor. However, be aware that this can also introduce noise into your images, so it’s a trade-off between brightness and image quality. Experiment with different settings to find what works best for your camera and the specific lighting conditions.
Beyond the Big Island: Lava Tube Exploration on Other Islands
While the Big Island may be the most famous for its lava tubes, other Hawaiian islands also offer opportunities for subterranean exploration. On Oahu, the Kaneana Cave (also known as Makua Cave) is a large sea cave that formed through wave erosion rather than volcanic activity, but it offers a similarly intriguing experience, though the entrance is exposed to the elements. As mentioned previously, Maui harbors some of the islands’ best kept secrets regarding lava tubes with underground pools. It is important to note that accessing these locations requires permits and only very specific individuals or licensed tour operators can guide you in.
The Future of Lava Tube Tourism in Hawaii
As interest in lava tube exploration grows, so does the need for responsible management practices. To protect these fragile environments, the state of Hawaii and various organizations are working to develop sustainable tourism strategies. These efforts include:
- Limiting access to certain areas.
- Requiring permits for exploration.
- Educating visitors about the importance of conservation.
- Supporting research to better understand the lava tube ecosystems.
By supporting these efforts and practicing responsible exploration, we can ensure that these incredible geological wonders are preserved for future generations to enjoy.
FAQ Section
Are lava tubes dangerous?
Yes, lava tubes can be dangerous if not explored carefully. Hazards include uneven terrain, slippery surfaces, low visibility, and the potential for rockfalls. Always wear appropriate gear, go with a buddy, and inform someone of your plans. If you are inexperienced, go with a knowledgeable and responsible guide.
Do I need a permit to explore lava tubes in Hawaii?
Permits may be required for certain lava tubes, especially those within national or state parks such as the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Access to privately owned lava tubes will vary depending on the owners’ rules.
What is the best time of year to explore lava tubes?
Lava tubes can be explored year-round. However, avoid exploring during or after heavy rain, as flash floods can be a risk.
Can I explore lava tubes on my own?
While some lava tubes can be explored on your own, it’s generally recommended to go with a guide, especially if you’re inexperienced. Guides can provide valuable insights into the geology, history, and ecology of the lava tubes, as well as ensure your safety.
What should I do if I find a cultural artifact in a lava tube?
If you find a cultural artifact, do not touch or disturb it. Leave it in place and report your findings to the appropriate authorities, such as the State Historic Preservation Division.
References
– Hawaii Speleological Survey Documentation
– Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park (NPS)
– United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Ready to experience the hidden wonders beneath Hawaii’s surface? Whether you choose a guided tour of Kazumura Cave or a self-guided adventure in Kaumana Caves, remember to prioritize safety, respect the environment, and embrace the unique beauty of these subterranean worlds. Plan your trip today, pack your gear, and prepare for an unforgettable experience exploring Hawaii’s lava chambers!
