Understanding The Materials Used In Pahu Drum Construction

The pahu drum, a cornerstone of Hawaiian culture, isn’t just about the sound; it’s intrinsically linked to the materials used in its construction, each holding significant spiritual and practical value. From the specific types of wood chosen for the drum body to the sharkskin used for the drumhead, every element tells a story of connection to the ‘&257;ina (land) and the traditions passed down through generations.

Wood: The Body of the Drum and Its Significance

Choosing the right wood is the first, and arguably most important, step in crafting a pahu. Not all woods are created equal, and specific types are preferred due to their resonant qualities, durability, and cultural association. The most common woods used are koa, coconut logs, milo and breadfruit. But let’s dive deeper!

Koa (Acacia koa): Koa is highly prized in Hawaiian culture, not just for drum making but for canoes, furniture, and other significant objects. It’s known for its beautiful grain, warm tone, and strength. The harvesting of koa is usually done with respect and ceremony, often involving a kahuna (expert, priest, or wise person) to ensure the process is aligned with ancestral traditions. Koa is strong and durable, contributing to the longevity of the drum. It’s also less prone to cracking that some other woods. The availability of koa can affect the cost of the pahu, since older growth Koa is quite difficult to obtain in many areas.

Coconut Log (Niu): Using the trunk of a coconut tree is another option. Finding trees large enough to create drums may require patience and community knowledge. Often, these are trees that have naturally fallen, but the use must be in alignment with conservation goals. A coconut log is not only readily available in many coastal areas but also carries its own cultural significance, symbolizing prosperity and life. Using it means the drum will have a deep, resonant tone that carries well and is suitable for hula and ceremonies. Furthermore, the shape of the coconut log naturally lends itself to a drum shape, making the carving process more efficient.

Milo (Thespesia populnea): Milo is another option when selecting wood for a pahu drum, often revered for its durability and rich tonal qualities. Because Milo is quite dense, it is usually lighter, which helps to make for a very portable drum. Due to the tight grain of the wood it can withstand the tension from the drumhead, as well as the humid environment frequently found in Hawai&699;i. It is also a choice for instruments and carvings, and is often selected for its aesthetic attributes.

Breadfruit (Ulu): Breadfruit is another wood prized for the construction of Pahu Hula drums because of its abundance and strength. Ulu trees were considered extremely sacred, and were believed to be embodiments of K&363;, the god of war and provider.

The Carving Process: Shaping the Voice

Once the wood is selected, the carving process begins. This is where the maker’s skill and understanding of the wood truly come into play. It’s not just about removing wood; it’s about listening to the wood, understanding its grain, and shaping it in a way that will maximize its resonant qualities. This is traditionally done with hand tools like adzes (ko’i) and chisels, requiring immense patience and skill. Modern tools can speed up the process, but many drum makers still prefer the traditional methods, believing it maintains a deeper connection to the materials. The inside of the drum is carefully hollowed out, and the thickness of the walls is crucial to determining the drum’s tone. Thicker walls generally produce a deeper sound, while thinner walls create a brighter tone. This requires precise control and experience.

Sharkskin: The Voice of the Drum

The drumhead is traditionally made from sharkskin (ili man&333;), specifically from the skin around the dorsal fin. This particular area is chosen for its thickness and durability. Sharkskin is incredibly tough and produces a distinctive, resonant sound. Certain species were more desirable than others, further adding to the potential cost, but cultural protocols were always observed in obtaining the skin.

While sharkskin is the traditional choice, the sustainability of shark populations is a serious concern. As such, some contemporary drum makers are exploring alternative materials, such as cowhide or goat skin, and sometimes even synthetic materials. The skin is carefully stretched over the drum and secured with lashings made from cordage (‘aha) or, in modern times, strong nylon cords. The tension of the skin is critical to achieving the desired pitch and tone, and it requires expert skill to properly secure and tune. To maintain the health of the drumhead, it needs to be treated regularly with kukui nut oil. This keeps the skin supple and protected, preventing cracking and prolonging the life of the instrument.

‘Aha: The Lashings of Connection

The ‘aha, or cordage, used to secure the drumhead is more than just a functional element; it’s another layer of cultural significance. Traditionally, ‘aha was made from coconut fibers (niu), olona fibers, or other natural materials. These fibers were carefully braided or twisted to create strong, durable cords. The process of making ‘aha was often a communal activity, further strengthening social bonds and passing down traditional knowledge from one generation to the next. Each knot and lashing becomes a part of the drum’s story, connecting it to the people who created it. Modern drum makers sometimes use nylon cords for their strength and durability, but many still prefer the traditional ‘aha, valuing its cultural significance and natural beauty.

Creating the Pahu Hula and Pahu Heiau

The pahu isn’t just one type of drum; there are different variations, each with its own specific purpose and design. The most common are the pahu hula, used in hula performances, and the pahu heiau, which held a sacred position in heiau (temples). One of the defining features of the pahu heiau, and a key differentiator from the pahu hula, is its base. The pahu heiau is elevated on a stand, called a ku, while the pahu hula typically rests directly on the ground. Traditionally, the pahu heiau was adorned with intricate carvings and played only by specially trained individuals during religious ceremonies. The pahu hula, while still revered, had a more accessible role in cultural expression.

The Spiritual Significance

Beyond the technical aspects of construction, the pahu holds deep spiritual significance in Hawaiian culture. It is seen as a conduit to the divine, a way to connect with ancestors (k&363;puna) and the natural world. The drum’s sound is believed to carry mana (spiritual power), which can heal, inspire, and transform. The process of making a pahu is often accompanied by prayers and ceremonies, ensuring that the drum is imbued with positive energy and intentions.

The pahu is almost never seen as merely an instrument; it’s a living entity, a powerful symbol of Hawaiian identity and spirituality. Treating it with respect and reverence is essential. Storing a pahu, for example, isn’t as simple as throwing it in a closet; it should be kept in a safe, clean place, treated with care, and ideally covered when not in use. Before playing, it’s customary to offer a brief prayer or chant, acknowledging the drum’s mana and expressing gratitude for its voice. Furthermore, the pahu should never be placed on the ground in a casual manner, as this is seen as disrespectful.

Finding a Pahu Drum Today

Purchasing a pahu can range widely, from a few hundred dollars for a smaller, simpler drum to several thousands for a large, intricately carved instrument made with traditional materials. If you’re looking to buy a pahu, it’s important to seek out reputable drum makers who understand and respect the cultural significance of the instrument. Look for artisans who use sustainable materials and follow traditional practices.

Some reputable places to purchase could include:

• Local Hawaiian craft fairs and cultural events: These events often feature local artisans selling their handcrafted pahu drums. This offers an excellent opportunity to meet the makers, learn about their processes, and find unique, high-quality instruments.
• Online marketplaces specializing in Hawaiian art and crafts: Websites like Etsy (search for “pahu drum Hawaiian”) may feature independent Hawaiian artisans offering their drums for sale. Be sure to research the maker’s background and reputation before making a purchase.
• Directly from Hawaiian drum makers: Contacting drum makers directly can ensure you’re getting an authentic, well-made instrument. You can often find artisans through word-of-mouth or by attending Hawaiian cultural events.

It’s also possible to take a course or workshop (offered at cultural centers and learning programs) if you’re interested in learning how to make your own pahut! These are usually several days long. Prices vary from $150 to over $300 for the workshop. The teaching may be offered in English or Hawaiian.

Caring for Your Pahu

Owning a pahu comes with a responsibility to care for it properly, ensuring its longevity and maintaining its spiritual integrity. Here’s a simple, easy-to-remember care routine:

1. Regular Oiling: Apply kukui nut oil to the drumhead every few weeks, or as needed, to keep the skin supple and prevent cracking.
2. Safe Storage: Store the pahu in a dry, clean place, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.
3. Gentle Cleaning: Wipe down the drum with a soft, dry cloth after each use to remove any dust or residue.

The Future of Pahu Drum Making

While respecting tradition is paramount, the craft of pahu drum making is not stagnant. Contemporary drum makers are finding innovative ways to blend tradition with modern techniques, ensuring the art form continues to evolve. This includes exploring sustainable materials, refining carving techniques, and incorporating new technologies to enhance the drum’s sound. Preserving and perpetuating the art of pahu drum making is crucial to maintaining Hawaiian cultural identity. This involves supporting local artisans, promoting cultural education programs, and encouraging the next generation of drum makers to embrace their heritage.

FAQ

What is the significance of the pahu drum in Hawaiian culture? The pahu is a sacred instrument that symbolizes Hawaiian history, spirituality, and cultural identity. It’s used in hula performances, religious ceremonies, and other important cultural events, serving as a conduit to the divine and a way to connect with ancestors.

Why is sharkskin traditionally used for the drumhead? Sharkskin, particularly from the area around the dorsal fin, is chosen for its thickness, durability, and unique resonant qualities. It produces a distinctive sound that’s integral to the pahu’s character.

What are some sustainable alternatives to sharkskin? Due to concerns about shark conservation, some drum makers are exploring alternatives like cowhide, goat skin, or synthetic materials that can mimic the sound and durability of sharkskin.

How do I care for my pahu drum? Regularly oil the drumhead with kukui nut oil, store the drum in a dry, clean place, and handle it with respect. Avoid exposing the drum to direct sunlight or extreme temperatures.

Where can I buy an authentic pahu drum? Look for reputable drum makers at local Hawaiian craft fairs, cultural events, online marketplaces specializing in Hawaiian art and crafts, or contact drum makers directly. Ask for recommendations from knowledgeable sources within the Hawaiian community.

References

• Tatar, E. (1982). Hawaiian sacred dance. Bishop Museum Press.
• Emerson, N. B. (1965). Unwritten literature of Hawaii: The sacred songs of the hula. Charles E. Tuttle Company.
• Kanahele, G. S. (1986). K&363; Kanaka: Stand Tall. University of Hawai&699;i Press.

Ready to experience the profound connection to Hawaiian culture? Whether you’re a seasoned musician, a cultural enthusiast, or simply curious about the art of pahu drum making, consider supporting local artisans and embracing the rich traditions of Hawai’i. Explore reputable drum makers, attend cultural events, and embark on a journey to understand the voice of the pahu. Let’s keep the rhythm of aloha alive!