The Meaning Behind the Hawaiian Hula Dance

The Hawaiian Hula is more than just a dance; it’s a vibrant storytelling tradition, a living history book expressed through graceful movements, evocative chants, and symbolic adornments. It’s the soul of Hawai’i made visible, connecting the past, present, and future through a profound artistic expression that embodies the culture and spirituality of the islands.

The Origins of Hula: Born of Ancient Legends

Imagine a time before written language in Hawai’i. How did they preserve their history, their myths, and their connection to the gods? The answer lies in the Hula. Legend says that Hula was born from the goddess Laka, who is considered the patron of the dance, fertility, and regeneration. The stories vary, but the most common narrative involves Laka giving birth to the first hula in a sacred grove dedicated to her. This hula was meant to honor her parents and express her joy for the creation of the world.

Early Hula wasn’t just entertainment; it was a sacred ritual. Complex protocols surrounded its performance. Dancers, selected often from a young age, underwent rigorous training in a h&257;lua, a special enclosure dedicated to hula instruction. They learned not only the steps and gestures but also the chants (oli) and songs (mele) associated with each dance. These chants recounted genealogies, celebrated chiefs, narrated epic voyages, and honored the gods. The training was intense, demanding discipline and dedication. Breaks of protocol or mistakes during performances could be seen as an affront to the gods, carrying serious consequences.

The Hula itself was performed on a hula mound, a specially prepared area that was considered sacred. This connection to the earth was vital. The dancers were conduits, channeling the mana (spiritual power) of the land and the gods. Every movement, every gesture, every adornment held symbolic meaning, deepening the spiritual significance of the performance. Think of it as a living prayer, a tangible offering to the divine.

Types of Hula: Two Distinct Styles

Today, we generally recognize two main types of Hula: Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana. They represent different periods in the dance’s evolution, each with its own distinct characteristics.

Hula Kahiko: The Ancient Dance

Hula Kahiko, or ancient hula, is the older, more traditional form. It’s characterized by its powerful and often percussive movements, its reliance on indigenous instruments, and its use of traditional chants and stories. Think of it as a direct line to the past, a snapshot of a time when Hula was deeply interwoven with Hawaiian spirituality and daily life.

The instruments used in Hula Kahiko are typically made from natural materials: the pahu (drum made from a coconut tree trunk covered with sharkskin), the ipu heke (double gourd), the ‘uli’uli (feathered gourds), the p&363;’ili (split bamboo sticks), and the k&257;la’au (rhythm sticks). These instruments provide the rhythmic foundation for the dance, adding to its primal energy.

The chants sung during Hula Kahiko are called oli and mele. Oli are often unmetered chants, while mele are songs with a more structured rhythm. These chants retell ancient stories and genealogies and praise the chiefs and gods. The language used in these chants is often archaic and rich in poetic imagery, requiring a deep understanding of Hawaiian culture to fully grasp their meanings.

Costumes in Hula Kahiko are also steeped in tradition. Dancers often wear skirts made of kapa (bark cloth) or leaves, adorned with natural elements like flowers, shells, and seeds. The adornments aren’t just decorative; they are symbolic representations of the stories being told and the deities being honored. For example, a lei made of specific flowers might be worn to honor a particular goddess. The costumes are meant to connect the dancers with the natural world and enhance the spiritual impact of the performance.

Hula ‘Auana: The Modern Dance

Hula ‘Auana, or modern hula, evolved after contact with Western cultures. It reflects changes in Hawaiian society and incorporates influences from Western music and instruments. While still rooted in tradition, Hula ‘Auana offers a more contemporary interpretation of Hawaiian culture.

One of the most notable differences between Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana is the music. While Hula Kahiko relies on traditional instruments and chanting, Hula ‘Auana often incorporates Western instruments like the ukulele, guitar, and bass. The music is typically more melodic and less percussive than Hula Kahiko.

The songs used in Hula ‘Auana are often in Hawaiian but may also include English lyrics. These songs often tell stories about love, nature, and contemporary Hawaiian life. While the themes may be more modern, the fundamental principles of storytelling through movement and gesture remain the same.

Costumes in Hula ‘Auana are typically more elaborate and colorful than those in Hula Kahiko. Dancers often wear long flowing dresses called mu’umu’u or skirts with tops. These costumes are often adorned with flowers, leis, and other decorative elements.

While Hula ‘Auana is considered more modern, it’s still deeply connected to Hawaiian traditions. It’s a testament to the resilience of Hawaiian culture and its ability to adapt and evolve while maintaining its core values. You can often see it performed at luaus (Hawaiian feasts) and other cultural events.

The Language of Hula: Telling Stories with Gestures

Hula is a language of its own. Every hand gesture, every foot movement, and every facial expression tells a story. To truly appreciate Hula, it’s essential to understand the meaning behind these gestures.

Hand gestures, called &699;ami, are particularly important in Hula. They are used to represent a wide range of things, from natural elements like the sun, moon, and stars to emotions like love, joy, and sorrow. For example, cupping the hands and bringing them towards the body can represent embracing someone, while extending the arms outward can represent the vastness of the ocean. Learning &699;ami is akin to learning the vocabulary of Hula. It allows you to decipher the stories being told. Without this knowledge, you’re simply observing movements.

Foot movements in Hula are just as important as hand gestures. They provide the rhythmic foundation for the dance and help to emphasize the story being told. Common foot movements include the kaholo (a four-count step), the hela (a hip movement), and the uwehe (a shuffling step). Each movement has a specific rhythm and a specific meaning. The skill of the dancer lies in coordinating these movements with the music and chants.

Facial expressions are the final piece of the puzzle. Dancers use their faces to convey emotions and bring the story to life. A smile can express joy, a frown can express sorrow, and a raised eyebrow can express surprise. These expressions add depth and nuance to the performance, making it more engaging and meaningful for the audience. A skilled Hula dancer isn’t just moving their body; they are expressing their soul.

The Significance of Lei: More than Just Decorations

Leis, the beautiful garlands of flowers, shells, seeds, or feathers worn around the neck or head, are an integral part of Hula. They are far more than mere decorations; they are symbols of love, respect, and honor. Each lei is carefully crafted with specific materials chosen for their symbolic significance.

The type of lei worn in Hula often depends on the story being told and the deity being honored. For example, a lei made of ilima flowers, which are considered sacred to the goddess Laka, might be worn during a Hula performed in her honor. A lei made of shells might be worn during a Hula about the ocean. The color of the flowers also carries meaning. Red might symbolize passion, while yellow might symbolize royalty.

The process of making a lei is also considered sacred. Traditionally, lei makers would gather their materials with respect and gratitude, offering a prayer to the gods before picking flowers or shells. The lei was then carefully crafted with intention and Aloha (love). Lei making is an art form passed down through generations, taught with reverence and skill.

Giving a lei is an act of Aloha. It’s a gesture of welcome, farewell, or congratulations. When receiving a lei, it’s important to accept it with both hands and show respect for the giver and the lei itself. Never throw a lei away casually; instead, return it to the earth by burying it or returning it to the ocean. This shows respect for the mana (spiritual power) that the lei embodies.

Hula in Modern Hawai’i: A Living Tradition

Despite Western influences, Hula has remained a vibrant and essential part of Hawaiian culture. It has been used as a tool for cultural preservation, a form of resistance against oppression, and a bridge between generations.

After the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century, Hula was initially suppressed. Missionaries viewed the dance as sinful and tried to eradicate it. However, Hula went underground, practiced in secret by those who were determined to preserve their cultural heritage. This act of resistance ensured that Hula survived through difficult times.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, King David Kal&257;kaua, known as the “Merrie Monarch,” played a pivotal role in the revival of Hula. He openly supported and celebrated the dance, encouraging its performance and preservation. In his honor, the Merrie Monarch Festival, the most prestigious Hula competition in the world, is held annually in Hilo, Hawai’i. The Merrie Monarch Festival is a week-long celebration of Hula and Hawaiian culture, attracting dancers and spectators from around the world. Attending the festival is an immersive experience in Hawaiian tradition, artistry, and community.

Today, Hula is taught in schools, community centers, and private h&257;laus (Hula schools) throughout Hawai’i and around the world. These h&257;laus are more than just dance schools; they are centers for cultural learning, where students not only learn the steps and gestures of Hula but also the language, history, and values of Hawaiian culture. The kumu hula (Hula teacher) is a respected figure in the community, seen as a guardian of tradition and a mentor to students. Finding a reputable H&257;lau is super easy these days since most have a strong social media presence on Instagram or Facebook.

If you’re interested in taking Hula lessons in Hawai’i, there are many options available, ranging from beginner classes to advanced training programs. Costs vary, but you can expect to pay anywhere from $50 to $150 per month for weekly classes. Consider looking into workshops offered by visiting kumu hula as a great way to immerse yourself in Hula during your trip. Be sure to research the credentials and teaching style of the kumu hula before signing up for classes to choose a h&257;lau that aligns with your goals and interests.

Experiencing Hula: Where to See and Learn

If you want to experience Hula firsthand, there are many opportunities to do so in Hawai’i. From luaus to cultural centers, there are numerous venues where you can witness the beauty and power of this ancient dance.

Luaus are a popular way to experience Hula in a festive and entertaining setting. Many luaus feature Hula performances as part of their entertainment, showcasing both Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana. While these performances may be geared towards tourists, they still offer a glimpse into the world of Hula. Make sure you attend a Luau which has a reputable cultural consultant or Kumu Hula involved in the production to ensure the Hula are appropriate – such as The Old Lahaina Luau. Prices typically range from $100 to $200 per person, including food, drinks, and entertainment.

Cultural centers, such as the Polynesian Cultural Center on O’ahu, offer a more immersive and educational experience. These centers showcase the cultures of Polynesia, including Hawai’i, with demonstrations, performances, and exhibits. You can learn about the history of Hula and see authentic performances by skilled dancers. Admission prices vary depending on the center and the activities you choose, but you should set aside a full day to explore and participate.

Many hotels and resorts also offer Hula performances as part of their guest activities. These performances may be less formal than those at luaus or cultural centers, but they still provide an opportunity to experience the beauty of Hula. Check with your hotel concierge for information on Hula performances and other cultural activities.

For a more authentic and intimate experience, consider attending a Hula performance at a local community event or festival. These events often feature performances by local h&257;laus, offering a glimpse into the heart of Hawaiian culture. Check local event calendars for listings of Hula performances and other cultural events.

The Future of Hula: Protecting the Legacy

The future of Hula depends on its continued transmission from generation to generation. It’s up to the kumu hula, the dancers, and the community to ensure that this ancient tradition continues to thrive.

One of the biggest challenges facing Hula today is cultural appropriation. As Hula becomes more popular internationally, it’s important to ensure that it is performed with respect and authenticity. Non-Hawaiians who wish to learn Hula should seek out reputable kumu hula and learn about the history and cultural significance of the dance before attempting to perform it. Respect the source; for example, when learning about the hula, ask where the kumu hula or school studied from to ensure you are learning from a qualified source connected to the lineage.

Another challenge is the preservation of the Hawaiian language. Many of the chants and songs used in Hula are in Hawaiian, making it essential to keep the language alive. Language revitalization efforts are underway throughout Hawai’i, aimed at teaching the language to younger generations. By learning the language, young people can connect more deeply with their culture and ensure that the stories told through Hula continue to be understood.

Practical Examples: Making Hula Accessible

Here are a few practical examples of how you can engage with Hula responsibly and respectfully:

• Attend a Hula workshop: Many Hula schools and cultural centers offer introductory workshops for visitors. This is a great way to learn the basic steps and gestures of Hula and gain a deeper understanding of its cultural significance.
• Support local artisans: When purchasing lei or other Hula-related items, support local artisans who use traditional methods and materials. This helps to preserve traditional crafts and ensures that the items are authentic and respectful.
• Learn about the history of Hula: Before attending a Hula performance, take the time to learn about the history and cultural significance of the dance. This will help you to appreciate the performance on a deeper level and avoid making any disrespectful gestures or comments.
• Dress respectfully: When attending a Hula performance, dress respectfully. Avoid wearing anything too revealing or flashy. Simple, comfortable clothing is best.
• Avoid taking photos or videos during sacred ceremonies: Some Hula performances are considered sacred ceremonies. Out of respect for the dancers and the traditions, avoid taking photos or videos during these performances.
• Be mindful of your behavior: When attending a Hula performance, be mindful of your behavior. Avoid talking loudly or making distracting movements. Show respect for the dancers and the culture.

FAQ Section

What is the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana?

Hula Kahiko is the ancient, traditional form of Hula, characterized by percussive movements, indigenous instruments, and traditional chants. Hula ‘Auana is the modern form of Hula, incorporating Western instruments, melodies, and contemporary themes. Think of Hula Kahiko as deeply rooted in tradition and spirituality, while Hula ‘Auana is a more contemporary expression of Hawaiian culture.

How can I learn Hula?

You can learn Hula by attending classes at a Hula school (h&257;lau) or taking workshops offered by cultural centers and community organizations. Look for reputable kumu hula (Hula teachers) who can provide authentic instruction and cultural context. Be sure to research the background and credentials of your teachers to ensure you are learning from a qualified source.

What should I wear to a Hula performance?

Dress respectfully when attending a Hula performance. Avoid wearing anything too revealing or flashy. Simple, comfortable clothing is best. For women, a sarong or mu’umu’u is a good choice. For men, slacks or shorts with a collared shirt are appropriate.

Can non-Hawaiians learn Hula? Can anyone learn Hula?

Yes, non-Hawaiians can learn Hula, but it’s essential to approach it with respect and humility. Learning Hula involves not just learning the steps and gestures but also understanding the history, culture, and spirituality behind the dance. Seek out reputable kumu hula who are willing to share their knowledge and guidance. If you are attending a performance, remember not to call out to the dancer in the middle of the performance.

What is the significance of the lei in Hula?

Leis are symbols of love, respect, and honor in Hula. The type of lei worn often depends on the story being told and the deity being honored. The process of making a lei is also considered sacred. When receiving a lei, accept it with both hands and show respect for the giver and the lei itself.

Is Hula still relevant in modern Hawai’i?

Absolutely! Hula remains a vibrant and essential part of Hawaiian culture. It is used as a tool for cultural preservation, a form of resistance against oppression, and a bridge between generations. It is taught in schools, community centers, and private h&257;laus (Hula schools) throughout Hawai’i and around the world. The importance of Hula to Hawaiian culture is immeasurable.

References

• Tatar, Elizabeth. Hawaiian Dance. Bess Press, 2009.
• Stillman, Amy Ku&699;uleialoha. Sacred Hula: The Historical Anthropology of Canonized Hawaiian Dance. University of California Press, 1998.
• Kanahele, George S. K&363; Kanaka Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values. University of Hawai&699;i Press, 1986.

Hula is not just a dance; it’s a journey. It’s an invitation to connect with the heart of Hawai’i, to understand its history, to feel its spirit, and to embrace its Aloha. Whether you’re watching a performance, taking a class, or simply learning about the culture, be sure to approach Hula with respect, humility, and an open heart. It’s a story waiting to be experienced. So take that first step. Explore, learn, and let the captivating art of Hula transform your connection to the islands. Experience Hawai’i through its timeless art.