Tapa, or kapa as it’s often called in Hawaii, is more than just barkcloth; it’s a living, breathing embodiment of Hawaiian history, artistry, and cultural identity. From the careful selection of materials to the intricate designs, every step in the tapa-making process tells a story, connecting the past to the present and weaving together the diverse threads of Hawaiian culture.
The Deep Roots of Tapa: A History Etched in Bark
The story of tapa in Hawaii begins long before Western contact. Brought by Polynesian ancestors who navigated the vast Pacific Ocean, the art of tapa making was crucial for survival and cultural expression. These early Polynesians relied on tapa for everything from clothing and bedding to ceremonial objects and even house construction. The skills and knowledge needed to create tapa were passed down through generations, becoming an integral part of the societal fabric.
Interestingly, while the basic principles remain the same, the Hawaiian approach to tapa differed slightly from other Polynesian islands. The specific types of trees used, the tools employed, and the designs applied showcase a unique adaptation to the Hawaiian environment and cultural values. For instance, while other islands might favor breadfruit tree bark, Hawaiians primarily utilized wauke (mulberry), māmaki (native nettle), and ‘ōlona (a vine) for their tapa.
In pre-contact Hawaiian society, tapa held immense social and spiritual significance. The quality and design of a tapa garment could indicate a person’s status or rank. Certain motifs and patterns were reserved for royalty, known as aliʻi, and were carefully guarded. Tapa played a vital role in ceremonies, religious rituals, and even warfare. It was a tangible symbol of power, lineage, and connection to the gods.
The arrival of Western missionaries in the 19th century significantly impacted traditional Hawaiian practices, including tapa making. Western clothing was introduced, and tapa gradually became less common in everyday wear. However, the art of tapa making was not lost. Dedicated individuals and families kept the tradition alive, ensuring its survival for future generations. Today, there’s a vibrant resurgence of interest in tapa making, driven by a desire to reconnect with ancestral roots and celebrate Hawaiian cultural identity. Modern-day artists are innovating while staying true to the core principles of this precious art form.
The Making of Kapa: A Labor of Love
Making kapa is a truly hands-on process, demanding time, patience, and skill. Let’s break down the key stages involved:
- Cultivating and Harvesting: The journey starts with growing the right plants. Wauke is the most common choice, and it requires careful cultivation. Once the wauke reaches maturity, the outer bark is carefully peeled away. This harvesting must be done respectfully, considering the life force (mana) of the plant.
- Stripping and Soaking: The harvested bark is then stripped into ribbons and soaked in water. This process softens the fibers and prepares them for beating.
- Beating the Bark: This is where the magic happens! The soaked bark is placed on a smooth stone or wooden anvil (kua kuku) and beaten with a wooden beater (iʻe kuku). The iʻe kuku are often carved with intricate designs that actually imprint subtle patterns onto the kapa. This painstaking process compresses and interlocks the fibers, gradually transforming the bark into a thin, flexible sheet. The beating is often done in stages, using beaters with different grooves to refine the texture.
- Felting and Joining: Smaller pieces of kapa are often felted together to create larger sheets. This is done by overlapping the edges and beating them together until they become one. Specialized adhesives, like a paste made from ʻuala (sweet potato), can also be used.
- Decorating: Once the kapa is formed, it’s time to add the artistry. Traditional dyes are derived from natural sources like plants, roots, and berries. Common colors include reds, browns, yellows, and blacks. Patterns are applied using stamps (ohe kapala) made from bamboo or carved wood, or painted freehand.
You might be wondering, “How long does it all take?” Well, that depends on the size and complexity of the kapa. A small piece could take a few days, while a large kapa for a specific ceremony could take weeks or even months to complete. It’s a testament to the dedication and skill of the kapa maker.
The Language of Kapa: Deciphering the Designs
The designs on kapa are far from arbitrary decorations. They’re a visual language, communicating stories, beliefs, and ancestral knowledge. Understanding these designs can provide a deeper appreciation for the cultural significance of kapa.
Geometric patterns are common, with motifs like triangles, squares, and diamonds appearing frequently. These shapes can represent natural elements like mountains, water, or stars. Lines, both straight and wavy, are also significant. Straight lines can symbolize strength and direction, while wavy lines often represent the ocean or pathways.
Representational designs, depicting plants, animals, and human figures, are equally important. Each element carries its own symbolism. For example, a design featuring a fern (lāʻī) might represent protection or healing, while a depiction of a bird (manu) could symbolize freedom or communication.
The colors used in kapa also hold meaning. Red, often derived from the ʻalaea clay, is associated with royalty, power, and divinity. Yellow, often derived from turmeric root, can symbolize prosperity and happiness. Black, often obtained from charcoal, can represent strength, resilience, and the spirit world. The specific meanings of colors can vary depending on the context and the specific island.
Moreover, patterns can tell stories–geneaological lineage (moʻokuʻauhau), important events, or powerful myths. By analyzing the designs and colors, we can uncover the rich narrative embedded within each piece of kapa.
Where to Experience Kapa Making in Hawaii: A Hands-On Guide
Want to witness the art of kapa making firsthand or even try your hand at it? Here are a few suggestions:
- Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Oahu: This museum has an extensive collection of Hawaiian artifacts, including kapa, as well as demonstrations of traditional crafts. Check their website for their schedule of events and workshops.
- Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii Island: The park’s cultural demonstrations often include kapa making, offering a glimpse into the traditional practices of the Hawaiian people. Keep an eye on their event calendar!
- Maui Arts & Cultural Center, Kahului, Maui: This center showcases Hawaiian arts and culture, and may occasionally host kapa making workshops or exhibitions. Visit their website for details.
- Local Artisans and Cultural Practitioners: Seek out local kapa makers for private lessons or demonstrations. A quick online search for “kapa making workshop Hawaii” can reveal opportunities. Keep in mind that prices will vary depending on the length and materials.
Cost Considerations: Admission fees to museums and cultural centers vary. Workshops can range from $50 to $200 or more, depending on the duration and materials provided. Purchasing finished kapa can range from a few dollars for a small piece to hundreds or even thousands of dollars for museum-quality works. Original, handcrafted kapa pieces are truly investments in Hawaiian heritage.
Practical Tips: When visiting a museum or cultural center, ask questions! Engage with the demonstrators and learn about the process and significance of kapa making. If you’re attending a workshop, be prepared to get your hands dirty and be patient. Kapa making requires practice and persistence. Most importantly, be respectful of the cultural traditions and the knowledge being shared.
Respectful Interactions: When engaging with kapa makers, treat them with respect and acknowledge their expertise. Ask permission before taking photographs of their work or of them personally. Support their efforts by purchasing their creations or donating to their craft. This ensures the perpetuation of a vital aspect of Hawaiian heritage.
The Modern Renaissance of Kapa: Connecting the Past to the Future
Kapa is not just a relic of the past; it’s a vibrant, evolving art form that continues to inspire and connect people. Today, kapa makers are pushing boundaries, creating contemporary designs while honoring traditional techniques.
You’ll find kapa incorporated into a variety of modern applications, from wall hangings and fashion accessories to contemporary art installations. Some artists are experimenting with new dyes and materials, while others are focusing on preserving traditional techniques and knowledge. This balance between innovation and preservation is crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of the art form.
Online platforms and social media are helping to connect kapa makers with a global audience, raising awareness about the art form and creating opportunities for collaboration and exchange. You can find kapa artists on platforms like Instagram and Etsy, where they showcase their work and share their stories.
Organizations, community groups, and schools are playing a vital role in promoting kapa making through workshops, exhibitions, and educational programs. These initiatives are helping to revitalize interest in kapa among younger generations and ensuring that the knowledge is passed down.
You can support the renaissance of kapa by attending kapa-making workshops, purchasing kapa art from local artists, or donating to organizations dedicated to preserving Hawaiian culture. Every small action contributes to the perpetuation of this irreplaceable art form.
Buying kapa directly from local artisans ensures that your money supports their craft, preserving traditional techniques, and helps them maintain their livelihood. Look for kapa at island craft fairs and farmer’s markets, and online via Hawaiian art collectives.
Challenges and Opportunities: Ensuring the Future of Kapa
Despite the renewed interest in kapa, the art form faces several challenges. One of the biggest is the limited availability of raw materials. Wauke, the primary barkcloth source, requires specific growing conditions that are not always easy to replicate. Land development and urbanization can also threaten wauke cultivation. Sustainable harvesting practices and efforts to preserve wauke habitats are crucial.
Another challenge is the time-consuming and labor-intensive nature of kapa making. It takes years of training and practice to master the skills. Encouraging young people to learn the art form and providing access to training and resources is essential for its survival. Many practitioners have expressed concern over the loss of practitioners, the limited access to resources and education, and the potential for cultural appropriation.
Funding for kapa making programs and initiatives is often limited. Securing grants and donations can help support research, education, and preservation efforts. Advocate at the local and state level to increase awareness of the cultural importance of kapa and the need for its protection.
Despite these challenges, there are also many opportunities. Promoting kapa as a sustainable and eco-friendly art form can attract environmentally conscious consumers. Collaborating with designers and fashion brands can create new markets for kapa and help to introduce it to a wider audience. Embracing technology can also help to streamline the kapa-making process and make it more accessible. However, it’s essential to ensure that technology is used in a way that complements, rather than replaces, traditional techniques.
FAQ Section
What is the difference between Tapa and Kapa?
While the terms are often used interchangeably, “kapa” is the Hawaiian term for barkcloth, while “tapa” is the term used in other parts of Polynesia and the Pacific. In Hawaii, it’s more accurate to use kapa when referring to the Hawaiian art form.
What is Kapa used for today?
While it’s less commonly used for clothing and bedding in everyday life, kapa is still used for ceremonial purposes, such as hula performances and weddings. It’s also used to create art pieces, wall hangings, fashion accessories, and other contemporary items. It often symbolizes a connection to Hawaiian heritage and cultural identity.
How can I care for Kapa?
Handle with care! Kapa isn’t washable using modern methods, since the plant-based dyes used to color it are susceptible to running or fading. Keep it away from direct sunlight and moisture, as these can damage the fibers and fade the colors. Store kapa flat or rolled in a dry, cool place. If necessary, gently brush off dust with a soft brush.
Where can I find authentic Kapa?
Look for kapa at reputable art galleries, cultural centers, and craft fairs in Hawaii. Purchase directly from local kapa makers to ensure authenticity and support their work. Be wary of imitation kapa made from synthetic materials.
Can non-Hawaiians learn to make Kapa?
Yes, with proper instruction and respect for the cultural traditions, anyone can learn to make kapa. Seek out workshops and classes taught by knowledgeable and experienced kapa makers. Be mindful of the cultural significance of kapa and approach the art form with humility and respect.
Call to Action
The art of kapa making is a treasure trove of Hawaiian history, artistry, and cultural identity. By learning about kapa, supporting kapa makers, and promoting its preservation, we can ensure that this vital art form continues to thrive for generations to come. Take the opportunity to experience the world of kapa firsthand, whether by visiting a museum, attending a workshop, or simply appreciating the beauty of a kapa masterpiece. Let’s all be a part of keeping this beautiful piece of Hawaiian culture alive!
References
- Kooijman, Simon. Tapa in Polynesia. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 234. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1972.
- Buck, Peter (Te Rangi Hiroa). Arts and Crafts of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 45. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1957.
- Ellis, William. Journal of William Ellis: Narrative of a Tour Through Hawaii, or Owhyhee. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., 1917.
