The Art of Lei Making: Storytelling Through Fragrance and Flowers in Hawaii

Lei making in Hawaii is more than just stringing flowers; it’s an art form deeply intertwined with the islands’ culture, history, and spirit of aloha. Each lei tells a story, conveying love, respect, celebration, or even farewell through the careful selection and arrangement of flowers, leaves, and shells. It’s a tangible expression of Hawaiian values, passed down through generations.

A History Woven in Petals

The origins of lei making in Hawaii are ancient, predating Western contact. Early Hawaiians used materials readily available in their environment – flowers, leaves, seeds, nuts, shells, feathers, and even bones – to create adornments for themselves and their gods. These early lei were often offerings to deities, symbols of rank, or expressions of personal adornment. The arrival of Polynesians brought new plants and techniques, further enriching the art. Captain Cook’s arrival in 1778 marked a turning point, as lei came to be used as gifts for visitors, solidifying their association with hospitality and the aloha spirit. Over time, lei making evolved from a purely utilitarian and spiritual practice to a cherished cultural tradition practiced by people of all backgrounds.

The Language of Lei: Decoding the Floral Messages

Choosing the right materials for a lei is crucial, as each element carries its own symbolism. The most common flower used is the plumeria, or melia, known for its beautiful fragrance and delicate petals. While available in a range of colors, white plumeria often symbolizes purity and new beginnings. Another popular choice is the fragrant tuberose, which represents love and passion. Orchids, particularly dendrobium orchids cultivated widely in Hawaii, are prized for their longevity and vibrant colors, often signifying beauty and elegance. Pikake, or Arabian jasmine, with its intensely sweet fragrance, is highly valued and often associated with royalty, said to be a favorite of Princess Kaʻiulani. Beyond flowers, leaves like the maile vine, a sacred plant, represent peace, friendship, and respect. Traditionally, maile lei were given as a sign of reconciliation or to honor someone of high status. The kukui nut, historically used for light and oil, also finds its way into lei, symbolizing enlightenment and protection. When giving a lei, take the time to consider the recipient and the occasion. Are you welcoming someone new? Celebrating a graduation? Expressing your condolences? The flowers you choose can subtly convey your heartfelt message. For instance, a lei made with ilima flowers, once reserved for royalty, shows deep respect and admiration.

Lei Making Techniques: A Hands-On Guide

Several lei making techniques exist, each creating a unique look and feel. The most common are:

• Kui (Sewn): This method involves threading flowers onto a needle and string. It’s ideal for delicate flowers like plumeria, orchids, and roses.
• Haku (Braided): Haku lei are created by braiding a foundation of raffia, ti leaves, or other pliable material, then attaching flowers and foliage with string or thread. This allows for more intricate designs and a fuller, more textured look. These are often associated with head lei, or lei po’o.
• Wili (Wrapped): This technique involves wrapping flowers and foliage around a base material such as paper or fabric. The entire lei is then wrapped tightly with thread, securing the materials in place. This is a good method for creating durable lei that can last for several days.
• Hili (Braided or Plaited): This uses a braiding technique with natural materials like ferns and leaves, often incorporating flowers. These are less common for flower-heavy lei but are beautiful with greenery.

Let’s delve into the Kui technique, a great starting point for beginners:

1. Gather your materials: You’ll need fresh flowers (plumeria are perfect for beginners), a lei needle (available at craft stores or online for around $5-$10), strong thread (waxed dental floss works well too!), and scissors.
2. Prepare your flowers: Gently pluck the flowers, leaving a small portion of the stem attached. This helps prevent the petals from falling apart.
3. Thread your needle: Cut a length of thread about twice the desired length of your lei. Thread the needle and tie a knot at the end.
4. String the flowers: Holding the flower firmly, pierce the base of the flower near the stem with the needle. Gently slide the flower onto the thread, pushing it close to the previous flower. Repeat this process, selecting flowers of similar size and fullness.
5. Adjust and secure: Once you’ve strung all the flowers, carefully remove the needle and tie the ends of the thread together securely. You can add a small ribbon or bow to cover the knot for a more polished look.

Tips for successful Kui:

• Keep your flowers fresh by storing them in the refrigerator in a sealed plastic bag with a damp paper towel.
• When stringing, alternate flower colors or sizes to create a visually appealing pattern.
• Avoid pulling the thread too tightly, as this can crush the flowers.

For a Haku lei po’o (head lei):

1. Prepare your foundation: Braid raffia or ti leaves into a long strand. This will form the base of your head lei.
2. Gather your materials: Choose a variety of flowers and greenery of your choice. Have smaller stems or individual flower heads already prepared.
3. Attach the materials: Using florist wire or strong thread, carefully attach the flowers and greenery to the braided foundation. Start in the middle and work your way outwards, overlapping the materials to create a full and lush look.
4. Secure the ends: Once you’ve covered the entire foundation, secure the ends with wire or thread. You can add ribbons or decorative elements for extra flair.

Tips for successful Haku:

• Choose flowers and greenery that complement each other in color and texture.
• Use a variety of materials to create visual interest.
• Experiment with different braiding techniques for a unique look.

To find lei making supplies while visiting Hawaii, start at local craft stores like Ben Franklin Crafts or craft sections in larger stores such as Walmart or Target. Look also for smaller mom-and-pop shops in local communities, some of which specialize in lei making supplies. Also, check local farmers’ markets to find fresh flowers, especially if you are making the lei right away. Flowers can be purchased in bulk as well but keep in mind that fresh flowers are perishable. Also you may try to look for online lei-making supply stores to mail what you need ahead of your visit.

The Art of Giving and Receiving

Giving and receiving a lei is a significant cultural gesture in Hawaii, steeped in respect and aloha. When presenting a lei, offer it with both hands and a smile, showing that you are giving with sincerity and generosity. If you are receiving a lei, accept it with gratitude and gently place it around your neck. Traditionally, a lei should not be refused, as it is considered disrespectful. It is also customary to remove a lei before entering a temple or sacred place, showing respect for the space. Never wear a lei you intend to sell. It’s considered bad luck and disrespects the art form. Think of a lei as a living gift. Treat it with care and respect. When you’re finished wearing it, don’t just discard it. Return it to the earth, perhaps by hanging it on a tree, laying it on a grave, or scattering the petals in the ocean. This completes the circle of aloha. Avoid throwing lei in the trash. Instead, give it back to nature respectfully.

Lei Etiquette: Dos and Don’ts

Understanding proper lei etiquette is paramount to honoring the cultural significance of this beautiful tradition. Here are some important guidelines to keep in mind:

• Do accept a lei with both hands and a slight bow, showing gratitude and respect to the giver.
• Do wear the lei with pleasure and pride. It is a symbol of aloha and should be worn as a sign of appreciation.
• Do remove the lei before entering a sacred place such as a heiau (temple) or church, unless specifically instructed otherwise.
• Do dispose of the lei respectfully, preferably by returning it to the earth (e.g., burying it, hanging it on a tree, or scattering the flowers in the ocean).
• Don’t refuse a lei, as it is considered impolite and disrespectful.
• Don’t wear a lei that you plan to sell. This is seen as disrespectful to the tradition and the giver.
• Don’t throw a lei in the trash. It should be treated with care and respect, even after it has wilted.
• Don’t wear a lei only halfway on your neck, behind you, or dragging off to the sides. It is a symbol of love and respect so take the time to ensure placement properly.

Lei for Every Occasion: Celebrating Life’s Moments

Lei are given for a wide range of occasions in Hawaii, each carrying its own special meaning. Graduations are a time of celebration and achievement, with lei symbolizing congratulations and best wishes for the future. Lei are also commonly given at weddings, representing love, unity, and the promise of a new beginning. Birthdays can be made more special with the gift of a lei, symbolizing affection and appreciation. Lei are also given to welcome visitors to the islands, expressing the aloha spirit and inviting them to experience the beauty and hospitality of Hawaii. Funerals are another occasion where lei are offered, expressing condolences and sympathy to the bereaved. In this case, the lei is a symbol of love and remembrance, honoring the life of the departed. Even in everyday life, lei are given as expressions of friendship, appreciation, or simply to brighten someone’s day. So, don’t wait for a special occasion to share the aloha spirit! A simple lei can make a world of difference.

Preserving the Tradition: Lei Making Workshops and Cultural Centers

If you’re eager to delve deeper into the art of lei making, consider participating in a workshop or visiting a cultural center. Many hotels and resorts throughout Hawaii offer lei making classes for guests, providing hands-on instruction in the various techniques. Community centers and cultural organizations also host workshops for locals and visitors alike. These classes typically cover the history and symbolism of lei, as well as practical tips for creating your own beautiful adornments. One example can be the classes offered at the Polynesian Cultural Center or various community centers on each island. Prices for workshops typically range from $30 to $75 per person, depending on the length of the class and the materials provided. Cultural centers like the Bishop Museum on Oahu also offer exhibits and demonstrations that showcase the art of lei making, providing valuable insights into its cultural significance. Visiting these centers can enrich your understanding and appreciation for this cherished Hawaiian tradition.

Where to Find Authentic Lei: Supporting Local Artisans

While many tourist shops sell lei, purchasing them from local artisans supports the community and ensures you’re getting an authentic, handcrafted product. Look for lei stands at farmers’ markets, craft fairs, or community events. Many independent lei makers also sell their creations online or through social media. The cost of a lei can vary depending on the flowers used, the complexity of the design, and the lei maker’s skill and experience. A simple plumeria lei might cost around $10-$15, while a more elaborate orchid or pikake lei could range from $30-$50 or more. When buying a lei, take the time to ask the lei maker about the flowers they used and the significance of their design. This adds a personal touch to the experience and allows you to connect with the art form on a deeper level.

Lei Throughout the Year: Seasonal Considerations

The availability of different flowers for lei making varies throughout the year, depending on the growing season. Plumeria are abundant in the summer months, while orchids tend to be more readily available in the winter. During the Merrie Monarch Festival, a celebration of hula held annually in Hilo, Hawaii, lei makers create elaborate and stunning lei using a wide variety of flowers and foliage. Learning about the seasonal availability of flowers can help you plan your lei making projects and appreciate the unique beauty of each season. Certain flowers, like the ilima, are only available for a very short time so seeking them out seasonally would yield an amazing result. Be aware that importing certain flowers into Hawaii could be restricted so verify the requirements and recommendations before shipping flowers to Hawaii.

The Future of Lei Making: Keeping the Tradition Alive

Lei making may seem like a traditional art but it is a continuously evolving work of art. As Hawaii becomes more modern, new techniques, materials, and styles emerge while some of the traditional practices fade away. New hybrids, new ways of cultivation, and the impact of climate change will affect the future of lei making. Many cultural practitioners are making an effort to promote the traditional techniques and use of local resources to perpetuate the tradition. By supporting local artisans, attending workshops, and sharing the knowledge with others, we can help ensure that this beautiful art form continues to thrive for generations to come.

FAQ Section

Here are some frequently asked questions about lei making in Hawaii:

How long does a lei last?

The lifespan of a lei depends on the type of flowers used and how it’s cared for. Plumeria lei can last for a day or two, while orchid lei can last for several days if properly refrigerated. Keep the lei in a ziploc bag with light moisture inside. Avoid overcrowding the bag. Avoid storing fragile lei under heavy objects or near perishable items.

What is the best way to store a lei?

To keep your lei fresh for longer, store it in a plastic bag in the refrigerator. You can also mist the flowers with water to help them retain moisture.

Can I ship a lei to someone on the mainland?

Yes, many lei makers offer shipping services to the mainland. However, be aware that the lei may not last as long due to the shipping time. It’s best to choose hardy flowers like orchids for shipping.

Is it okay to wear a lei if I’m not Hawaiian?

Yes, anyone can wear a lei as an expression of aloha and appreciation for Hawaiian culture. Just be sure to wear it respectfully and follow proper lei etiquette.

Where can I learn more about lei making?

You can find information about lei making at cultural centers, museums, and online resources. Consider taking a lei making workshop to learn from experienced practitioners.

References List

These are some sources I’ve consulted in creating this article:

• Lei Making in Hawai’i. (n.d.). Retrieved from Polynesian Cultural Center website.
• The Meanings Behind Popular Hawaiian Flowers. (2022). Hawaii Magazine.
• Lei Etiquette – The Dos and Don’ts. (n.d.). Retrieved from Aloha Fun Factory website.

Ready to experience the magic of lei making for yourself? Whether you’re planning a trip to Hawaii or simply want to explore this beautiful art form from home, now is the perfect time to dive in! Find a local lei maker in your area and purchase a lei to support the efforts of perpetuating this unique part of the Hawaiian culture! Sign up for a lei making workshop, buy some flowers, and experience the magic and beauty of this tradition. Embrace the aloha spirit and let your creativity bloom!