Lei making is far more than simply stringing flowers together in Hawaii. It’s a deeply rooted cultural practice, a tangible expression of love, respect, celebration, and connection to the ‘āina (land). Each lei represents a heartfelt gift, painstakingly crafted with intention and imbued with the spirit of Aloha.
The History of Lei: A Woven Tapestry of Tradition
The story of lei making in Hawaii stretches back centuries, predating Western contact. While the exact origins are shrouded in the mists of time, it’s believed that early Polynesian voyagers brought the custom with them, along with the plants and knowledge needed to create these beautiful adornments. Initially, lei were crafted from natural materials readily available: vines, leaves, shells, seeds, feathers, and even bone and hair. Flowers, while used, became more prominent after the introduction of new varieties by explorers and immigrants. The indigenous practices combined with newly available resources resulted in the diverse lei traditions we see today.
In ancient Hawaii, lei held significant ritual purposes. They were offered to the gods as symbols of reverence and gratitude, used in ceremonies to honor ali’i (chiefs), and worn to signify rank and status. Specific plants were associated with certain deities or held particular mana (spiritual power), influencing their use in lei making. For example, the maile lei, known for its fragrant leaves, was often used to seal agreements and create peace. The fragrant pīkake blossom, on the other hand, came to be highly valued for its sweet scent and aesthetic appeal.
Over time, lei making evolved into a vital part of Hawaiian social fabric. They became integral to celebrations like birthdays, weddings, and graduations. They also serve as a tangible symbol of welcome and farewell, presented to visitors arriving on the islands and given as parting gifts to those leaving. The act of giving a lei is an offering of aloha – a sharing of breath, life, and connection. This is reflected in the common practice of exchanging a light kiss on the cheek when presenting a lei, symbolizing the transfer of that shared mana.
More Than Just Flowers: The Meaning Behind the Materials
While vibrant flowers are the most recognizable lei component today, the materials used go far beyond blossoms. Each material carries its own symbolism and significance, adding layers of meaning to the finished lei.
- Flowers: Of course, flowers are a staple. Plumeria, orchids, tuberose, and carnations are all popular choices. Different colors can also hold meaning. For instance, yellow often represents friendship, while red symbolizes love.
- Leaves: Maile leaves bring a sense of peace and respect. Ti leaves are often used for protection, and their flexibility makes them ideal for braiding.
- Seeds and Nuts: Kukui nuts, often black and glossy, are durable and represent enlightenment. Job’s tears (pōpō ‘ulu) are small, bead-like seeds that symbolize tears of joy or sorrow.
- Shells: Tiny shells, especially those found on the beaches, are often added to lei for their beauty and connection to the ocean. Cowry shells were once a symbol of wealth.
- Feathers: In ancient Hawaii, feather lei were highly prized and reserved for ali’i. They represented royalty and mana. This is now less common and restricted to only using feathers from naturally deceased birds.
The selection of materials depends on the occasion, the recipient, and the lei maker’s personal preferences. Often, people will gather materials from their own gardens or from special places that hold meaning for them. For example, a lei maker might use flowers from a tree planted in memory of a loved one, or shells collected from a favorite beach. This personal connection elevates the lei from a simple adornment to a deeply personal expression.
The Art of Lei Making: Techniques and Tips for Beginners
Lei making may look simple, but it involves skill, patience, and an understanding of different techniques. Here are some common methods and tips for creating your own beautiful lei:
Haku
The haku lei is made by attaching plant material to a backing of braided fibers, such as raffia or ti leaves. This technique is commonly used for head lei (lei po’o) and is known for its intricate and durable construction. Haku lei tend to be more substantial and last longer than other types. Haku lei is often the most expensive type of lei due to the intricate work and materials.
How to do it: Start by braiding a sturdy base with raffia. Then, carefully attach small bunches of flowers, leaves, or other materials to the base, overlapping each bunch as you go. Secure the materials with thread or fine wire. The cost of materials for a haku lei can range from $20-$50, depending on the flowers used. Completing one takes about 2-4 hours. You can find local workshops on the islands that teach the craft. Try looking at community centers or cultural organizations.
Kui
The kui method involves stringing flowers, seeds, or shells onto a needle and thread. This is the most common and perhaps the simplest technique, making it perfect for beginners. Kui lei are often light and fragrant. This is what most think of when imagining a lei.
How to do it: Thread a long needle with strong thread. Pierce each flower (or other material) through the center, sliding it down the thread. Continue until the desired length is reached. Tie the ends of the thread together securely. For a standard neck lei, you will need about 50-100 flowers. Plumeria, orchids, and carnations are great choices for kui lei. They are generally priced between $1-$3 a bloom, so $50-$100 for the materials. Plan to complete one in an hour or two.
Hili
The hili method involves braiding or plaiting plant material together, often using raffia or other natural fibers as a binding agent. This technique is frequently used for lei made of vines, leaves, or ferns. The Maile lei is frequently created this way.
How to do it: Gather lengths of flexible material, such as ti leaves or raffia. Overlap sections and begin plaiting or braiding, adding new pieces as needed to maintain the desired thickness and length. Ensure the braid is tight and uniform. The price varies based on the materials, but often using readily available leaves makes this the lowest cost option. A maile lei can range from $20-60 depending on where it is bought. This is often a quicker process, taking about an hour.
Wili
The wili technique involves wrapping plant material around a core of fiber, such as yarn or cotton. This method creates a dense, textured lei that can incorporate a wide variety of materials. Think of it like wrapping thread around a pipe cleaner but using natural elements.
How to do it: You’ll need a length of yarn or cotton cord. Lay your desired flowers or leaves along the cord. Begin wrapping the cord tightly around the plant material, securing it in place. Overlap each layer as you go, creating a continuous, textured lei. This is a technique that takes some practice to master. For a dense, full lei, you’ll need a generous amount of flowers and materials. The combined cost can range from $30-$75. The time it take to complete depends on the materials and desired length, but budget for 2-3 hours.
Tips for Beginners:
- Start Simple: Begin with the kui method using easy-to-handle flowers like plumeria or carnations.
- Gather Fresh Materials: Freshly picked flowers and leaves will last longer and be easier to work with.
- Prepare Your Materials: Remove any unwanted leaves or stems and soak flowers in water for a few minutes to hydrate them.
- Use Strong Thread: Choose a thread that is strong enough to hold the weight of the materials without breaking. Dental floss can work in a pinch!
- Take Your Time: Lei making is a meditative process. Relax and enjoy the creative flow.
Local craft stores like Ben Franklin Crafts or even some grocery stores on the islands like Foodland carry lei making supplies. You can also find many tutorial videos on YouTube and other platforms to get you started.
The Business of Lei: Supporting Local Growers and Artisans
The lei industry in Hawaii is a significant part of the local economy, supporting growers, florists, and lei makers. Buying lei from local sources ensures that you are supporting sustainable practices and contributing to the community. However, mass-produced lei are often imported from other countries, which can undercut local businesses and have a negative impact on the environment.
When purchasing lei, consider the following:
- Buy Local: Seek out lei from local farmers markets, florists, or craft fairs.
- Ask About the Source: Inquire about where the materials were sourced and how the lei was made.
- Look for Certification: Some lei makers are certified as “Made in Hawaii,” ensuring quality and authenticity.
- Support Sustainable Practices: Choose lei made from sustainably grown flowers and materials.
The cost of lei can vary widely depending on the type of lei, the materials used, and the vendor. Simple flower lei can cost as little as $5-10, while more elaborate haku lei can range from $50-100 or more. By paying a fair price for lei, you are helping to support the local economy and preserve this important cultural tradition. Check places like the Honolulu Flower Market for the best prices and selection. Always ask about the freshness of the lei because lei can be very perishable.
Lei Etiquette: Giving and Receiving with Aloha
The act of giving and receiving a lei is governed by certain customs and traditions. Following these guidelines shows respect for Hawaiian culture and enhances the meaning of the gift.
- Present the Lei with Aloha: Offer the lei with a smile and a warm greeting, such as “Aloha!”
- Place the Lei Around the Neck: Gently drape the lei around the recipient’s neck, ensuring that it hangs evenly. Avoid placing it over the head, as this can be considered disrespectful. Unless it’s a lei po’o (head lei).
- Accept the Lei Graciously: Receive the lei with gratitude and appreciation. A light kiss on the cheek is a common gesture of thanks.
- Wear the Lei with Respect: Wear the lei proudly and with respect. Avoid removing it or discarding it carelessly.
- Proper Disposal: When the lei begins to wilt, return it to the earth. You can bury it in the ground, return it to the ocean, or compost it.
There are also certain occasions when it is considered inappropriate to give or wear a lei. For example, avoid wearing a lei while swimming or participating in strenuous activities. Also, it is customary to remove a lei before entering a church or other place of worship, unless it is part of a specific ceremony. When visiting someone’s home, it is a polite to ask before placing the lei down. This usually isn’t a problem, but shows respect for the home. By being mindful of these customs, you can ensure that your lei giving and receiving practices are respectful and meaningful.
While in Hawaii, see if you can attend a local community event or hula performance that involves lei giving. Witnessing these traditions firsthand offers a deeper understanding of their significance.
Beyond the Tourist Lei: Deepening Your Connection
While the tourist lei industry provides a convenient way for visitors to experience this Hawaiian tradition, it’s important to remember that lei making is about more than just a souvenir. To deepen your connection to the culture, consider engaging in more meaningful experiences:
- Take a Lei Making Workshop: Learn the art of lei making from a local artisan. This hands-on experience will give you a greater appreciation for the skill and artistry involved.
- Visit a Local Flower Farm: See where the flowers are grown and learn about sustainable farming practices.
- Talk to a Kumu Hula (Hula Teacher): Learn about the significance of lei in hula and other Hawaiian traditions.
- Share the Aloha: Make a lei for a friend, family member, or someone who needs a little aloha in their life.
By engaging in these experiences, you can move beyond the tourist lei and develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for the cultural significance of lei making in Hawaii. It’s important that when wearing a lei, one take the time to learn about its traditions and customs.
If you’re interested in learning more about lei making, several resources are available:
- Books: Look for books on Hawaiian lei making at local bookstores or online.
- Websites: Explore websites dedicated to Hawaiian culture and lei making.‘Ulukau: The Hawaiian Electronic Library is a great reference point.
- Museums: Visit museums that showcase Hawaiian art and culture, such as the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum in Honolulu.
Preserving the Tradition: The Future of Lei Making
Lei making is an evolving art form, and preserving its cultural significance is crucial for future generations. This includes supporting local growers and artisans, promoting sustainable practices, and educating others about the traditions and customs associated with lei giving. As the Hawaiian culture spreads across the globe, so too does the art of lei making. Encouraging the practice will ensure its longevity.
Here are some ways to help preserve the future of lei making:
- Support Local Initiatives: Donate to organizations that promote Hawaiian culture and arts.
- Share Your Knowledge: Teach others about lei making and its cultural significance.
- Practice Aloha: Embody the spirit of aloha in your own life and share it with others.
By working together, we can ensure that the art of lei making continues to thrive as a vibrant and meaningful expression of Hawaiian culture.
Celebrating with Lei: Occasions and Customs
Lei are versatile expressions of aloha suitable for myriad occasions in Hawaiian culture. Each occasion brings its unique customs and lei etiquette.
Birthdays
Birthdays are joyous occasions where lei are presented as symbols of love and celebration of life. Brightly colored flowers are often chosen to match the jubilant spirit of the day. Giving a lei to a birthday honoree is a way of showering them with affection and good wishes.
Graduations
Graduation ceremonies in Hawaii are adorned with an abundance of lei. Graduates often find themselves almost buried under layers of floral garlands, representing the support and pride of their ‘ohana (family) and friends. Lei made of candy, money, or even small toys are popular, adding a touch of fun to the celebration. The cost of money lei, depending on the denomination and quantity, can vary widely, ranging from $20 to several hundred dollars.
Weddings
At Hawaiian weddings, lei play a pivotal role in symbolizing the union of two individuals. The bride and groom often exchange lei, representing their mutual love, respect, and commitment. Fragrant flowers like plumeria and tuberose are traditionally used, enhancing the romantic atmosphere of the ceremony.
Funerals and Memorials
Lei also serve as expressions of sympathy and remembrance at funerals and memorials. Somber colors and subdued flower arrangements are preferred, reflecting the solemnity of the occasion. Giving a lei to the bereaved is a way of offering comfort and support during a difficult time. Lei placed upon the casket are often constructed of flowers loved by the departed.
Holidays
During holidays such as May Day (Lei Day) and Aloha Festivals, lei are prominently featured as symbols of Hawaiian culture and heritage. These events showcase the artistry of lei making and celebrate the spirit of aloha. Many communities host lei-making competitions and demonstrations, fostering a sense of pride and cultural preservation.
Ethical Considerations: Sourcing and Sustainability in Lei Making
With increased awareness of environmental issues, ethical considerations surrounding sourcing and sustainability in lei making have gained prominence. The impact of traditional methods, as well as commercial lei production, on the environment, and local communities necessitates more responsible practices.
Sustainable Sourcing
Sustainable sourcing involves obtaining materials in a manner that minimizes harm to the environment and supports the well-being of local communities. This includes using locally grown flowers and foliage, reducing reliance on imported materials, and supporting farmers who employ eco-friendly practices. For example, selecting flowers grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers helps protect pollinators and reduces soil contamination. Many local flower farms are able to supply retailers on the islands.
Environmental Impact
Traditional lei-making materials, such as certain types of shells or feathers, may come from unsustainable or unethical sources. Overharvesting of these resources can disrupt ecosystems and endanger species. The increasing amount of plastic and non-degradable materials negatively impacts the oceans and the land.
Ethical Practices
Ethical practices in lei making extend to fair labor standards and cultural respect. Ensuring that lei makers receive fair wages and work in safe conditions is essential. Additionally, it is important to respect Hawaiian cultural traditions and avoid appropriating sacred symbols or practices for commercial gain. Always ensure that you do not pick flowers, shells, or other pieces from protected lands.
Supporting Sustainable Lei Making
Consumers can support sustainable lei making by purchasing lei from local artisans who prioritize ethical and environmental considerations. Asking questions about the origin of materials and the production process can help ensure that your purchase aligns with your values. Additionally, choosing lei made from biodegradable materials and properly disposing of them after use can minimize environmental impact.
FAQ Section
Here are some frequently asked questions about lei making and its cultural significance:
What is the proper way to wear a lei?
A lei should be draped gently around the neck, ensuring that it hangs evenly. Avoid placing it over the head, as this can be considered disrespectful, unless it’s a lei po’o (head lei). Wear the lei proudly and with respect throughout the occasion.
What do different types of lei symbolize?
Different types of lei carry various symbolic meanings. Flower lei often represent love, friendship, and celebration, while lei made of leaves or shells may symbolize respect, honor, or connection to nature. The specific meaning can also depend on the type of flower or material used.
Is it appropriate to give a lei to someone I just met?
Yes, it is generally appropriate to give a lei to someone you just met as a gesture of welcome and aloha. However, be mindful of the context and ensure that the gift is given respectfully and without any romantic implications unless intended.
How should I dispose of a lei after wearing it?
When the lei begins to wilt, it should be returned to the earth in a respectful manner. You can bury it in the ground, return it to the ocean (if made of biodegradable materials), or compost it. Avoid throwing it in the trash.
Are there any restrictions on bringing lei home from Hawaii?
Yes, there may be restrictions on bringing certain types of lei home from Hawaii, particularly those made of agricultural materials that could harbor pests or diseases. Check with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and your home country’s customs regulations before traveling.
Where can I learn to make lei in Hawaii?
Numerous cultural centers and community organizations throughout the island offer lei-making workshops. Check your local community colleges, farmer’s markers, or cultural centers for lei making classes.
Why is handmade lei more expensive than regular lei?
Handmade lei is made from scratch. It requires careful selection of materials and usually, time taken during the manufacturing process far exceeds premade lei. The additional costs add up. Purchasing handmade lei directly supports local businesses and traditional artisans.
References
Kanahele, G. S. (1986). Kū Kanaka: Stand Tall. University of Hawaii Press.
Pukui, M. K., Elbert, S. H., & Mookini, E. T. (1974). Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press.
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Ready to immerse yourself in the enchanting world of lei making? Take the plunge and discover the art, the culture, and the spirit of Aloha woven into every strand. Engage with local artisans, learn the traditions, and experience the joy of creating and sharing these beautiful symbols of connection. Start your journey today and become a part of the living legacy of lei making in Hawaii. You might even consider booking a trip to the islands to see this special tradition at its source!
