Lei making in Hawaiʻi is more than just stringing flowers together; it’s a deeply rooted cultural practice that embodies aloha, connection, and celebration. Each lei is a tangible expression of love, respect, and honor, carefully crafted and bestowed with intention. Learning to make a lei is an experience that weaves you into the fabric of Hawaiian tradition, allowing you to participate in a timeless art form that continues to thrive.
The History and Significance of Lei
The history of lei in Hawaiʻi predates written records, passed down through generations via oral tradition. Ancient Hawaiians used lei made from natural materials like leaves, shells, seeds, feathers, and flowers to adorn themselves and honor the gods. These early lei were not simply decorative; they held spiritual significance and were used in ceremonies and rituals. The materials used were carefully selected for their symbolic meaning and the mana (spiritual power) they possessed. For instance, the fragrant maile lei was (and still is) symbolic of peace, friendship, and respect, commonly used in important ceremonies and exchanged between dignitaries. Over time, lei making evolved, incorporating new materials and techniques while retaining its core values and cultural importance.
Understanding the Aloha Spirit in Lei Making
The aloha spirit is not just a greeting; it’s a way of life that permeates every aspect of Hawaiian culture, including lei making. When crafting a lei, practitioners are encouraged to infuse it with aloha, pouring their heart and positive intentions into each stitch or tie. This intentionality transforms the lei from a simple object into a powerful symbol of love and connection. The act of giving a lei is itself an expression of aloha, a gesture of warmth, welcome, and sincere affection. It’s said that a lei given with aloha carries with it the giver’s good wishes and blessings. You can translate this into your own practice by taking a moment of quiet contemplation before beginning your lei, thinking about the person who will receive it, and visualizing the positive energy you want to convey.
Common Materials Used in Lei Making
The beauty of lei making lies in its connection to nature. Hawaiʻi offers a bounty of materials that can be used to create stunning and meaningful lei. Here’s a look at some of the most common and beloved ingredients:
- Flowers: Plumeria, orchids, roses, carnations, pikake (jasmine), and tuberose are among the most popular choices. Each flower offers a unique fragrance and visual appeal. The cost varies depending on availability and season. For example, plumeria is abundant and relatively inexpensive, while orchids can be pricier. You can often find loose flowers at farmers’ markets or flower shops.
- Leaves: Maile is a highly revered leaf used in lei, symbolizing peace and respect. It’s often intertwined with flowers or worn alone. Other leaves like ti leaves, fern fronds, and even kukui leaves can add texture and visual interest.
- Shells: Niʻihau shells, found only on the island of Niʻihau, are incredibly valuable and used to create exquisite and highly prized lei. These tiny, delicate shells require immense skill and patience to string together, resulting in works of art that can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars. Other, more accessible, shells are also used in lei making, primarily for decoration.
- Seeds and Nuts: Kukui nuts, dyed black or left natural, add a beautiful contrast to floral lei. They can be strung alone or interspersed with other materials. Seeds from various plants can also be used to create unique and textured lei.
- Other Natural Materials: Feathers, berries, and even dried grasses can be incorporated into lei to add depth and visual interest. These materials are often used in more intricate and artistic lei designs.
Essential Tools and Techniques
Lei making doesn’t require a lot of specialized tools, making it an accessible craft for anyone to learn. Here are the basics:
- Needle: A long, sturdy needle with a large eye is essential for stringing flowers and other materials. A lei needle is usually around 6-12 inches long.
- Thread/String: Strong, waxed thread or fishing line is commonly used to string the lei. The color is usually chosen to complement the materials being used. Dental floss (unflavored) can also be used in a pinch!
- Scissors or Clippers: For trimming stems and thread.
- Optional: Lei Making Board: A lei making board is a wooden board with a groove that holds the lei in place while you work. It is completely optional, but can add comfort.
There are several different techniques for making lei, each producing its own unique look and style:
- Kui (Sewing): This is the most common technique, where flowers are strung together using a needle and thread. The flowers are pierced through the center of the bloom, creating a continuous strand of color and fragrance.
- Haku (Braiding): This technique involves braiding natural materials like leaves, vines, or yarn and then attaching flowers or other embellishments to the braid. Haku is commonly used to create lei poʻo (head lei) and lei humu poʻo (sewn head lei) where materials are directly attached to a backing
- Wili (Twisting): This technique involves twisting strands of raffia or other pliable materials and then attaching flowers to the twisted base. Wili can create a fuller, more textured lei.
- Hili (Braid with Three Strands): A three strand braid that can be embellished with flowers or shells to create a sturdy, attractive lei.
Example: Making a Simple Kui Lei (Flower Lei):
- Gather your materials: Choose your flowers (plumeria is a great choice for beginners!). You’ll also need a lei needle, thread, scissors, and a bowl of water.
- Prepare the flowers: Gently rinse your flowers in cool water to remove any dirt or debris. Trim the stems of the flowers, leaving about 1/2 inch.
- Thread the needle: Cut a length of thread about twice as long as you want your lei to be. Thread the needle and tie a knot at the end.
- String the flowers: Carefully pierce the center of the first flower with the needle and slide it down the thread. Repeat with the remaining flowers, pushing them close together on the thread. It’s a good idea to change the direction of the flowers one by one to create a more even flow in your lei.
- Tie it off: Once you’ve strung all of your flowers, carefully tie the two ends of the thread together with a secure knot. Trim any excess thread.
- Admire your creation! Your simple kui lei is now ready to be given with aloha.
Finding Lei Making Workshops and Classes
Immersing yourself in a hands-on lei making workshop is an excellent way to learn the art from experienced practitioners. Many hotels, cultural centers, and community organizations throughout Hawaiʻi offer lei making classes for visitors and locals alike. These classes typically cover the basics of lei making techniques, the cultural significance of lei, and the types of materials used. You can often find classes advertised online or through local tourism websites. Look especially for workshops that are taught by Kumu Hula (hula teachers), as they also teach the cultural protocol and appropriate lei for specific occasions and events. Also ask your hotel about lei making workshops—they often have great options, many complimentary!
Examples of Places to Find Lei Making Classes:
- Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, Oʻahu: Offers a variety of botanical and cultural workshops, including lei making. Lyon Arboretum Website
- Various Hotels in Waikiki: Many hotels in Waikiki offer complimentary or fee-based lei making classes for their guests. Check with your hotel’s concierge for details.
- Local Community Centers: Community centers often host lei making workshops as part of their cultural programs. Check with the community centers in the areas you are visiting.
Cost Considerations
The cost of lei making can vary depending on the materials you use and whether you take a class. Here’s a general breakdown:
- Materials: Loose flowers can range from a few dollars to several dollars per bunch, depending on the type and availability. Maile can be more expensive. Supplies such as needles and thread are relatively inexpensive.
- Workshops: Lei making workshops can range from free (often offered by hotels) to $50 or more, depending on the length of the class and the materials provided.
- Pre-made Lei: Buying a ready-made lei at the airport can be very costly–you can find options for cheaper at grocery stores or flower stands.
Lei Etiquette: Giving and Receiving
There are some customary protocols associated with giving and receiving lei in Hawaiʻi. Here are some general guidelines:
- Giving a Lei: Always present the lei with aloha and a smile. Gently place the lei around the recipient’s neck, ensuring that it drapes evenly. If giving a closed lei (one that forms a complete circle), avoid placing it over a pregnant woman’s belly, as it is believed to bring bad luck.
- Receiving a Lei: Graciously accept the lei with a smile and express your gratitude. It is considered impolite to immediately remove the lei in front of the giver. Wear the lei with pride and enjoy its beauty and fragrance.
- Respectful Use: When you are finished wearing the lei, do not throw it in the trash. Traditionally, lei are returned to the earth, either by hanging them on a tree, placing them on an altar, or burying them. If you are unable to do so, you can dispose of them respectfully.
- Custom Lei: For major celebrations, you can reach out to some lei makers and place an order to customize the lei. Remember, it is Hawaiian custom that once you order a lei, it is yours to have–even in special cases like weddings or funerals, the florist will still expect payment for their work.
Lei for Different Occasions
The type of lei given can vary depending on the occasion. Here are a few examples:
- Graduations: Lei are a ubiquitous sight at graduations in Hawaiʻi. Graduates are often showered with lei from family and friends, symbolizing their achievements and wishing them well in their future endeavors. Lei made of candy, money, or even small toys are also popular for graduations.
- Weddings: Maile lei are often exchanged between the bride and groom, symbolizing their union and commitment. Fragrant flower lei like pikake or tuberose are also common for weddings, adding a touch of romance and elegance.
- Birthdays: Flower lei are a thoughtful and personalized gift for birthdays. Choose flowers that are the recipient’s favorite color or have a special meaning to them.
- Welcoming Visitors: Giving a lei is a traditional way to welcome visitors to Hawaiʻi. It’s a gesture of aloha and a way to share the beauty and fragrance of the islands.
- Funerals: Lei are also given at funerals, often made of white flowers or other subdued colors. They are a symbol of respect, love, and remembrance.
Lei as a Form of Art and Expression
Lei making is not just a cultural tradition; it’s also a form of art and personal expression. Lei makers often experiment with different materials, techniques, and designs to create unique and stunning works of art. Some lei are simple and understated, while others are elaborate and complex, reflecting the creativity and skill of the lei maker. The act of creating a lei can be a meditative and therapeutic experience, allowing the lei maker to connect with nature, express their emotions, and share their aloha with others. It is common to see lei makers selling their creations at local markets, craft fairs, and online, sharing their art and passion with the world.
Lei Plants: Cultivating Your Own Materials
If you are interested in making lei regularly, you might consider growing your own lei plants. Many of the flowers and leaves used in lei making are relatively easy to grow in tropical and subtropical climates. Plumeria, pikake, ti plants, and ferns can all be grown in home gardens or even in containers. Growing your own materials allows you to have a constant supply of fresh flowers and leaves, and it also connects you more deeply to the art of lei making. It’s also rewarding to nurture the life in the plants that will eventually be used to bless others.
Tips for Growing Lei Plants:
- Plumeria: Plumeria thrives in warm, sunny locations with well-drained soil. They are relatively drought-tolerant and can be propagated from cuttings.
- Pikake (Jasmine): Pikake prefers full sun and well-drained soil. It produces fragrant white flowers that are highly prized for lei making.
- Ti Plants: Ti plants come in a variety of colors and patterns. They prefer partial shade and moist soil.
- Ferns: Many different types of ferns can be used in lei making. They prefer shady locations and moist soil.
Preserving Your Lei: Extending Its Beauty
Fresh lei are beautiful, but their fragility means they can wilt or fade quickly. Here are a few tips for preserving your lei and extending its beauty:
- Refrigeration: The most common method is to gently mist the lei with water and place it in a sealed plastic bag in the refrigerator. This will help to keep the flowers fresh for a few days.
- Drying: Some lei, like those made of dried flowers or seeds, can be dried and preserved for longer periods. Hang the lei upside down in a cool, dry place until it is completely dry.
- Freezing: Some people freeze their lei to preserve them for special occasions. Place the lei in a sealed plastic bag and freeze it quickly. When you are ready to use the lei, thaw it slowly in the refrigerator.
- Resin Preservation: For a truly lasting keepsake, consider preserving your lei in resin. This involves encasing the lei in a clear resin block, which will protect it from damage and preserve its beauty indefinitely. However, this is a permanent process, so it should be reserved for lei of special significance.
Lei Making and Sustainability
In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the environmental impact of lei making, particularly the sourcing of flowers and other materials. Many lei makers are now embracing sustainable practices, such as using locally grown flowers, avoiding the use of pesticides, and composting leftover materials. You can support sustainable lei making by purchasing lei from local farmers or lei makers who use environmentally friendly practices. You may also consider making your own lei from materials you have grown yourself. Supporting local, native species is also a sustainable, and Hawaiian, practice.
The Future of Lei Making
Lei making continues to be a vibrant and evolving tradition in Hawaiʻi. While the core values and cultural significance of lei remain the same, lei makers are constantly innovating and experimenting with new materials, techniques, and designs and sharing them with the world. The art of lei making is being passed down to younger generations, ensuring that this important cultural tradition will continue to thrive for many years to come. Lei making is not just a craft; it’s a living expression of aloha, connection, and Hawaiian culture.
Lei: More Than Just a Decoration
It’s important, for those who are planning to utilize lei for special occasions, to understand the cultural importance of the lei. Before you visit a luau with 100 people, understand where the flowers are coming from, and find ways to make the experience less wasteful. Do your research and try to purchase your lei from native Hawaiian lei makers! You can find excellent lei at local farmers’ markets, grocery stores, and even directly through families and community groups.
FAQ Section
Q: What is the best type of flower to use for a beginner lei maker?
A: Plumeria is a great choice for beginners because it’s readily available, easy to string, and has a beautiful fragrance. It’s also relatively inexpensive, making it a good option for practicing.
Q: How long does it take to make a lei?
A: The amount of time it takes to make a lei depends on the type of lei, the materials used, and the skill of the lei maker. A simple kui lei (flower lei) can take as little as 30 minutes to an hour to make, while more elaborate lei can take several hours or even days.
Q: Can I ship lei out of Hawaiʻi?
A: Yes, you can ship lei out of Hawaiʻi, but there are some regulations to be aware of. Some types of lei, such as those made of certain restricted plant materials, may not be allowed to be shipped. Check with the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) for specific regulations before shipping your lei.
Q: Is it appropriate for tourists to make and wear lei?
A: Absolutely! Lei making is a wonderful way to connect with Hawaiian culture. As long as you approach it with respect and aloha, it’s a perfectly appropriate and enjoyable activity for tourists. Taking a lei making workshop is a great way to learn the proper techniques and cultural etiquette. Learning the history of lei, and respecting it as more than just a decoration, is the best step you can take.
Q: Where can I find maile to make a lei?
A: Maile can be challenging to find outside of Hawaiʻi. Within Hawaiʻi, it’s often available at farmers’ markets, flower shops, and lei stands, particularly during special occasions like graduations and weddings. Be mindful of the source to ensure sustainable and ethical harvesting practices.
References
Amy Stillman. Sacred Hula: Recovering the Religion of Hawai’i. Bishop Museum Press, 2005.
Dorothy Barrère. Hula: Historical Perspectives. Bishop Museum Press, 2000.
The Polynesian Cultural Center. Information and lessons on Hawaiian leis and flowers.
Ready to experience the magic of lei making for yourself? Whether you’re planning a trip to Hawaiʻi or simply looking for a creative and meaningful activity to enjoy at home, learning to make a lei is a rewarding and enriching experience. Seek out a local workshop, gather your materials, and prepare to infuse your creation with aloha. Let the fragrance of the flowers and the rhythm of the stitches transport you to the heart of Hawaiian culture. Let the spirit of Aloha influence you in making heartfelt souvenirs and gifts!
