Lei making, or lei hulu as it’s sometimes known in the context of feather leis, is more than just stringing flowers together; it’s an embodiment of Aloha, representing love, honor, and friendship. A lei is a tangible symbol deeply rooted in Hawaiian culture, used to celebrate important life events, welcome visitors, express gratitude, and simply share the spirit of Aloha. Creating a lei is an art form that requires patience, respect for nature, and a connection to the land and its traditions.
Gathering Your Materials: The Bounty of the Islands
The first step in creating a beautiful lei is gathering your materials. This is often considered to be the most important step, not just for acquiring the physical flowers, but also for connecting with the environment. You’ll need flowers, of course, but also greenery, string or yarn, and a lei needle. The selection of your flowers and greenery is where your personal touch comes into play. Let’s break each of these down:
Flowers: More Than Just Pretty Faces
Traditionally, leis were made from readily available natural materials. While many flowers are now cultivated specifically for lei making, you can still find an abundance of options in your own backyard, with permission from the land owner, of course. Here are some popular choices:
- Plumeria (Melia): Known for its sweet fragrance and vibrant colors, plumeria is a classic choice for leis. They’re easy to string and hold their shape well. You can find plumeria trees in many residential areas and parks.
- Orchids (ʻOkika): Delicate and exotic, orchids add a touch of elegance to any lei. Dendrobium orchids are commonly used for their durability and wide range of colors. These are often purchased from local flower shops or even grocery stores.
- Carnations (Kanakē): While not native, carnations are widely available and relatively inexpensive, making them a good option for practice leis or large gatherings. They come in a variety of colors and are easy to work with.
- Pikake (Jasminum sambac): Pikake, meaning “peacock” in Hawaiian, is prized for its intense, heavenly fragrance. These small, white flowers are often strung into delicate and fragrant leis.
- Ilima (Sida fallax): Ilima are small, golden-yellow flowers that are considered royal flowers, traditionally representing the island of O’ahu. Gathering enough of these tiny flowers for a full lei is a labor of love.
Important Tip: When harvesting flowers, be mindful of the environment. Take only what you need, and avoid damaging the plant. If harvesting from private property, always ask for permission first. It’s also essential to avoid any areas that may have been treated with pesticides.
Greenery: Adding Texture and Fragrance
Greenery adds depth and texture to your lei, complementing the flowers and adding to the overall aesthetic. Some popular choices include:
- Ti Leaves (Lāʻī): Ti leaves are not just for wrapping food; they can also be woven or braided into leis, creating a sturdy and attractive base.
- Maile (Alyxia olivaeformis): Maile is a fragrant vine that is highly prized for its sweet, woodsy aroma. It is often used in leis for special occasions and is considered a symbol of respect and honor.
- Ferns (Palu): Various ferns can be used to add a touch of green and texture to your lei. Be sure to select ferns that are soft and pliable.
String and Lei Needles: The Essentials
Choosing the right string and needle is essential for a successful lei-making experience. Here’s a quick guide:
- String: Dental floss is a cost-effective and readily available option for stringing flowers. However, it may not be as durable as other options. If you want something more durable, consider using waxed nylon thread or fishing line. These options are stronger and less likely to break.
- Lei Needles: A lei needle (kui) is a long, slender needle with a large eye. It’s essential for stringing flowers quickly and efficiently. You can find lei needles at most craft stores or online retailers. A good size to start with is a 4-6 inch needle.
Lei-Making Techniques: A Stitch in Time
There are several different lei-making techniques, each with its own unique look and feel. Let’s explore some of the most common methods:
Kui (Stringing): The Most Common Method
Kui is the most basic and widely used lei-making technique. It involves stringing flowers directly onto the thread using a needle. Here’s a step-by-step guide:
- Prepare your flowers: Remove any excess leaves or stems from the flowers. You can either cut the stems short or leave them long, depending on the desired look.
- Thread your needle: Cut a length of string about 6-8 feet long. Thread the needle and tie a knot at the end.
- String the flowers: Hold the flower in your non-dominant hand and insert the needle through the center of the flower, from the back to the front. Gently slide the flower down the string.
- Repeat: Continue stringing flowers until you have reached your desired length.
- Tie it off: Once you have enough flowers, carefully remove the needle and tie the two ends of the string together securely. Trim any excess string.
Practical Example: When stringing plumeria, try alternating colors to create a visually appealing lei. For example, you could string one pink plumeria, followed by a yellow one, and then a white one. This creates a simple yet elegant pattern.
Haku (Braiding/Weaving): A Floral Crown
Haku is a more elaborate technique that involves braiding or weaving flowers and greenery onto a backing material, such as raffia or ti leaves. This method is often used to create head leis (lei poʻo) or special occasion leis. This method is usually used for head leis but not exclusively.
- Prepare your backing: Cut a length of raffia or ti leaves to the desired length. This will be the base of your lei.
- Gather your materials: Select your flowers and greenery. Trim the stems to about 1-2 inches long.
- Start braiding: Begin braiding the raffia or ti leaves. As you braid, insert the stems of the flowers and greenery into the braid, securing them in place.
- Continue braiding: Continue braiding and adding flowers and greenery until you have reached your desired length.
- Secure the ends: Once you have finished braiding, secure the ends of the raffia or ti leaves with string or glue.
Practical Example: For a head lei, measure the circumference of the recipient’s head before starting. This will ensure that the lei fits comfortably. Start with a base of greenery like ferns and then add in brighter, showier flowers like orchids or roses.
Wili (Wrapping): A Sturdy Foundation
Wili involves wrapping flowers and greenery around a base material, such as paper or fabric. This method creates a dense and durable lei, often used for ceremonial purposes. Think of this as taking a thick piece of something (like a manila rope) and wrapping flowers completely around it.
- Prepare your base: Wrap a length of paper or fabric around a sturdy object, such as a cardboard tube or a thick rope. This will be the base of your lei.
- Gather your materials: Select your flowers and greenery. Trim the stems to about 1-2 inches long.
- Start wrapping: Begin wrapping the flowers and greenery around the base, securing them with string or glue.
- Continue wrapping: Continue wrapping until you have completely covered the base.
- Secure the ends: Once you have finished wrapping, secure the ends with string or glue.
Practical Example: For a long-lasting lei, use dried flowers and foliage. Wrap them tightly around the base and secure with hot glue. This will create a lei that can be displayed for months or even years.
Flower Selection Tips: A Rainbow of Possibilities
When choosing flowers for your lei, consider the following factors: color, fragrance, durability, and symbolism. The colors of flowers hold different meanings in Hawaiian culture. For example, red symbolizes passion and love, while yellow represents friendship and joy. Fragrance is also an important consideration. Choose flowers with a pleasant aroma that will enhance the overall experience. Durability refers to how long the flowers will last. Some flowers, such as orchids, are more durable than others, such as plumeria. Finally, consider the symbolism of the flowers. Some flowers, such as maile, have special significance in Hawaiian culture and are often used for ceremonial purposes.
Preserving Your Lei: A Lasting Memory
Leis are often given as gifts, but they are also cherished keepsakes. If you want to preserve your lei, here are a few tips:
- Refrigeration: Store your lei in the refrigerator in a plastic bag. This will help to keep the flowers fresh for a few days. Add a damp paper towel to the bag to provide moisture.
- Drying: Hang your lei upside down in a cool, dry place to dry. This will preserve the shape of the lei, but the colors may fade.
- Pressing: Press the flowers in a book or flower press to preserve them. This will create a flat, two-dimensional keepsake.
Practical Example: To dry plumeria leis, string them loosely on a wire hanger and hang them in a well-ventilated closet. The flowers will shrink slightly as they dry, but they will retain their shape and fragrance for many years. This is a great way to preserve the memory of a special occasion.
The Etiquette of Giving and Receiving Leis: Respect and Aloha
Giving and receiving leis is a cherished tradition in Hawaii, steeped in respect and Aloha. Here are some important etiquette guidelines to keep in mind:
- Accept with gratitude: Always accept a lei with a smile and a gesture of gratitude. It is considered rude to refuse a lei.
- Wear with respect: When wearing a lei, wear it over your shoulders, draping down the front and back. Avoid wearing it like a necklace, as this is considered disrespectful.
- Avoid allergies: If you have any allergies to flowers, inform the giver beforehand so they can choose an alternative.
- Remove with care: When you are ready to take off the lei, do so with care and respect. Avoid throwing it away in the trash. Instead, you can return it to the earth by burying it, returning it to the ocean, or hanging it in a special place.
Practical Example: Never give a closed lei to a pregnant woman, as it is said to bring bad luck. Instead, give her an open lei, which symbolizes good fortune and a safe delivery. This speaks to the underlying cultural significance of the practice.
Where to Learn Lei Making: Immersing Yourself in the Culture
If you’re interested in learning more about lei making, there are several options available. Consider taking a lei-making class from a local artisan. Many community centers and cultural organizations offer lei-making workshops. You can also find online tutorials and videos that can guide you through the process. Remember to visit local flower shops and nurseries for a wide selection of flowers and supplies. Be respectful and ask questions; learning from experienced lei makers is the best way to truly understand the art and its cultural significance.
Places like the Honolulu Museum of Art School and various community centers throughout the islands often offer workshops. You can also find individual lei makers who offer private lessons. Prices vary depending on the length of the class and the materials provided. Expect to pay anywhere from $30 to $100 for a basic lei-making workshop.
Cultural Significance: More Than Just a Decoration
Lei making is interwoven with Hawaiian history and spirituality. Beyond being a beautiful adornment, leis represent a connection to the land, a symbol of peace, and an expression of Aloha. In ancient Hawaii, leis were offered to gods and goddesses as tributes and used in ceremonies to honor royalty. The materials used in leis were carefully selected for their symbolic meanings, adding depth to the gesture.
The process of lei making itself is a meditative and thoughtful act. Each flower is carefully chosen and placed with intention, making the lei a physical representation of the giver’s feelings and intentions. In modern Hawaii, leis continue to be an integral part of celebrations, graduations, weddings, and other significant events. They are a tangible sign of welcome, affection, and respect.
Cost Considerations: From Simple to Extravagant
The cost of lei making can vary greatly depending on the materials you use and the complexity of the lei. If you are using flowers from your own garden or from local sources, the cost can be minimal. However, if you are purchasing flowers from a flower shop or online retailer, the cost can be significantly higher.
Stringing leis using readily available carnations can be relatively inexpensive, costing only a few dollars per lei. More elaborate leis made with rare orchids or fragrant maile can cost hundreds of dollars. Consider the occasion and your budget when choosing materials. Practice with less expensive flowers to refine your technique before investing in pricier options.
Ethical Considerations: Respecting the Environment
Lei making is deeply connected to the environment, so it’s important to practice sustainable and ethical harvesting methods. Always ask permission before gathering flowers or greenery from private property. Avoid harvesting endangered or protected species. Choose flowers that are locally grown and sustainably sourced whenever possible.
Be mindful of your impact on the ecosystem. Take only what you need and leave the area as you found it. Support local farmers and businesses that prioritize sustainable practices. By respecting the environment, you are honoring the traditions of lei making and preserving the beauty of Hawaii for future generations.
Modern Interpretations: Blending Tradition with Innovation
While traditional lei-making techniques remain popular, contemporary lei makers are exploring new materials and designs. They are incorporating non-traditional flowers, feathers, shells, and other natural elements into their creations. They are also experimenting with new techniques, such as weaving and braiding, to create unique and innovative leis.
These modern interpretations are a testament to the enduring appeal of lei making and its ability to adapt to changing times. They demonstrate that the art of lei making is not stagnant but rather a dynamic and evolving tradition that continues to inspire and delight.
Common Mistakes: Avoiding Pitfalls
Even experienced lei makers can make mistakes. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid:
- Using flowers that are too ripe or too wilted: Choose flowers that are fresh and firm for the best results.
- Pulling the string too tightly: Pulling the string too tightly can crush the flowers and make the lei uncomfortable to wear.
- Not securing the ends properly: If the ends are not secured properly, the lei may unravel.
- Not paying attention to design: Take the time to plan your design before you start stringing. This will help you to create a lei that is visually appealing.
Practical Example: When working with delicate flowers like orchids, use a gentle touch. Prick the needle through carefully to avoid tearing the petals. Practice makes perfect, so don’t be discouraged if your first few attempts aren’t perfect. These are all part of the learning process.
Troubleshooting: When Things Go Wrong
Even with careful planning, issues can arise during the lei-making process. Here’s how to address some common problems:
- String Breaks: If your string breaks mid-lei, don’t panic. Simply tie a secure knot as close as possible to the last flower, re-thread your needle, and continue stringing.
- Flowers Fall Apart: If delicate flowers start to fall apart, handle them with extra care. Consider using a small amount of floral glue to reinforce the petals.
- Lei Is Too Short or Too Long: If you realize your lei is not the desired length, you can either add more flowers or carefully remove some. Be sure to re-tie the ends securely.
- Needle Gets Stuck: Sometimes, the needle can get stuck when attempting to pierce the flower. Gently wiggle the needle back and forth while applying slight pressure. Avoid forcing it, as this can damage the flower and bend the needle.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the best time of day to gather flowers for lei making?
The best time to gather flowers is in the early morning, after the dew has dried but before the heat of the day sets in. At this time, the flowers are at their freshest and most vibrant.
How long will a lei last?
The lifespan of a lei depends on the types of flowers used and how it is stored. Some leis, like those made with orchids, can last up to a week if refrigerated. Others, like those made with plumeria, may only last a day or two.
Can I ship a lei to someone on the mainland?
Yes, you can ship a lei to the mainland, but it’s essential to choose a shipping method that will ensure it arrives quickly and in good condition. Consider using overnight or express shipping. Pack the lei carefully in a box with damp paper towels to keep it hydrated.
What is the significance of giving a lei to someone who is leaving Hawaii?
Giving a lei to someone who is leaving Hawaii is a gesture of farewell and Aloha. It is a way of wishing them safe travels and expressing your hope that they will return to the islands someday. It is a way to bring a piece of the islands with them on their travels.
References
- Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini. Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. University of Hawaii Press, 1986.
- Gutmanis, June. Na Lei Hala: The Art and History of Hawaiian Hala Plaiting. Island Heritage Publishing, 1998.
- Abbott, Isabella Aiona. Lāʻau Hawaiʻi: Traditional Hawaiian Uses of Plants. Bishop Museum Press, 1992.
Ready to embark on your lei-making journey? Start small. Gather some plumeria from your yard, watch a few tutorials, and just give it a try. Embrace the process, connect with the culture, and share the Aloha. Whether you’re creating a simple string of flowers or a complex woven masterpiece, each lei is a testament to the beauty and spirit of Hawaii. So grab your flowers, thread your needle, and let the Aloha guide your hands!
