Hula is far more than just a dance; it’s the heartbeat of Hawaiian culture, a vibrant tapestry woven with stories, history, spirituality, and the very essence of aloha. It serves as a living link to the past, preserving traditions and narratives passed down through generations. Rooted deeply in the islands’ history, hula embodies the connection between the Hawaiian people and their land, their gods, and their ancestors. It’s a powerful form of cultural expression, a prayer in motion, and a celebration of life.
The Origins of Hula: A Dance Born from Legends
The origins of hula are shrouded in mystery and steeped in legend. Oral tradition tells us that hula was created by the goddess Laka, who is revered as the patron saint of hula. She is said to have birthed the dance on the island of Moloka’i, a place often considered the cradle of hula. Other stories attribute its creation to Pele, the fiery volcano goddess, who danced to appease her siblings after a volcanic eruption. What’s consistent across these stories is the divine origin of the dance, solidifying its sacred status.
Prior to written language, hula served as a crucial tool for preserving history, genealogy, and cultural practices. Each movement, gesture, and chant held a specific meaning, encoding complex narratives that were vital to the survival of Hawaiian knowledge. Imagine it as a living library, where stories are not written but danced. Different islands and regions developed their unique styles and interpretations of hula, adding to the richness and diversity of the tradition.
Two Main Styles: Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana
Today, there are two primary categories of hula: Hula Kahiko (ancient hula) and Hula ‘Auana (modern hula). Understanding the difference is key to appreciating the depth of this art form.
Hula Kahiko: The Dance of Old
Hula Kahiko is considered the ancient or traditional form of hula. It’s characterized by powerful, dramatic movements accompanied by chants (oli) and percussion instruments like the pahu (sharkskin drum), ipu heke (gourd drum), and ‘uli’uli (feathered gourds). The chants, often in ancient Hawaiian language, tell stories of creation, mythology, and historical events. Dancers often wear traditional attire, such as pa’u skirts (for women) and malo (loincloths) for men, adorned with natural elements like leaves, flowers, and shells. The movements are grounded and strong, reflecting a deep connection to the earth and the power of the gods. Think of it as a direct link to the ancestors, a powerful and unyielding expression of Hawaiian identity. There are many types of Hula Kahiko, some very sacred; a hula dancer may spend years in preparation to perform it.
Practical Insights: Witnessing Hula Kahiko
To experience Hula Kahiko, consider attending cultural festivals like the Merrie Monarch Festival in Hilo, Hawai’i Island Merrie Monarch Festival. This week-long event, held annually, is the most prestigious hula competition in the world and showcases the incredible skill and artistry of Hula Kahiko dancers. Smaller halau (hula schools) often perform at local events and cultural centers. Check local event listings while planning your trip.
Hula ‘Auana: The Dance of Today
Hula ‘Auana is the modern or contemporary form of hula. It evolved in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influenced by Western music and instruments like the ukulele, guitar, and steel guitar. The songs are often in Hawaiian or English, or a combination of both, and express a wider range of emotions and experiences, from love and longing to descriptions of the islands’ natural beauty. The movements are more fluid and graceful than Hula Kahiko, and the attire is typically more colorful and elaborate, often featuring dresses or skirts made from modern fabrics. Hula ‘Auana is more accessible to modern audiences while still retaining the core values and storytelling traditions of hula. It’s a testament to the adaptability and enduring spirit of Hawaiian culture.
Practical Insights: Experiencing Hula ‘Auana
Many luaus throughout Hawai’i feature Hula ‘Auana performances, offering visitors a glimpse into this vibrant art form. Some hotels and resorts also host hula shows, often accompanied by live music and storytelling. For a more immersive experience, consider taking a Hula ‘Auana lesson. Many hula schools offer introductory classes for visitors of all skill levels, allowing you to learn basic steps and movements while gaining a deeper understanding of the dance.
The Language of Hula: Hands, Feet, and Flow
Hula is a language spoken through movement. Each gesture, step, and facial expression carries a specific meaning, contributing to the overall narrative of the dance. Here’s a breakdown of some key elements:
Hand Gestures (lima): The hands are perhaps the most expressive part of hula. They can represent anything from trees swaying in the wind to ocean waves crashing on the shore to the emotions of the dancers. For example, a cupped hand moving forward can signify offering a gift, while a hand tracing an arc in the air might represent a rainbow. Even the slightest change in hand position can alter the meaning of a gesture. Lima is not just about portraying an image, it’s about breathing life into the story. The fingers are also important: often pointing to something or someone.
Footwork (ka’o or hula ka’o): The footwork in Hula Kahiko is often strong and grounded, emphasizing the connection to the earth. Common steps include the kaholo (a basic side step) and the uwehe (a rocking motion of the hips). In Hula ‘Auana, the footwork is often more graceful and flowing, with dancers gliding across the floor. Footwork is less complex than hand gestures, but they help to express different emotions and connect the dancer to the music and the land.
Facial Expressions (hi’ona): While subtle, facial expressions are crucial in conveying the emotions and nuances of the story. A smile can express joy and celebration, while a furrowed brow can convey sadness or determination. The eyes, in particular, are used to engage with the audience and draw them into the narrative. A dancer might glance towards the sky when speaking of gods, or down at the earth when speaking of taro plants.
Body Movement (ha’a): The overall body movement, including hip movements, swaying, and posture, contributes to the overall flow and rhythm of the dance. In Hula Kahiko, the emphasis is on strength and power, while in Hula ‘Auana, the focus is on grace and fluidity. Every part of the body contributes to the story being told. Some hula is very controlled and some is freer, but it’s important to know that all movement is meaningful.
Practical Insights: Deciphering Hula Movements
When watching Hula, pay close attention to the dancers’ hands and facial expressions. Try to identify the objects or emotions they are representing. Listen carefully to the chants or songs accompanying the dance, as they often provide clues about the story being told. The more you observe and engage with the dance, the deeper your understanding and appreciation will become. Keep in mind that context is everything. The same hand gesture can have different meanings depending on the song, rhythm, or the story.
The Role of Chants and Music: The Voice of Hula
Chants (oli) and music are integral to hula, providing the vocal and instrumental accompaniment that brings the dance to life. The chants tell the stories, set the mood, and guide the dancers, while the music provides the rhythmic foundation for the movements.
Chants (oli): In Hula Kahiko, chants are often performed in ancient Hawaiian language, passed down through generations of hula masters. These chants can be prayers, genealogies, historical accounts, or descriptions of the natural world. They are often delivered in a powerful, rhythmic style, with variations in pitch and tempo that add depth and emotion to the performance. The chanter (kumu hula or a designated chanter) plays a vital role in setting the tone and guiding the dancers. The chanting alone can be seen as a form of hula. A good chanter is revered for the strength of their voice and the depth of their cultural knowledge.
Music: The instruments used in hula vary depending on the style and the specific dance. In Hula Kahiko, traditional percussion instruments like the pahu (sharkskin drum), ipu heke (gourd drum), ‘uli’uli (feathered gourds), and kala’au (rhythm sticks) are used to create a driving, hypnotic rhythm. In Hula ‘Auana, the ukulele, guitar, steel guitar, and bass are commonly used, adding a more melodic and contemporary sound to the music. The tempo and rhythm of the music is also important. Fast-paced, energetic music might accompany a celebratory dance, while slow, melancholic music might accompany a story of loss or heartbreak.
Practical Insights: Appreciating Hula Music
When listening to hula music, pay attention to the lyrics and the rhythm. Try to identify the instruments being used and how they contribute to the overall sound. Research the meanings of the Hawaiian words used in the chants or songs, as this can provide valuable insights into the story being told. Many online resources offer translations and explanations of Hawaiian lyrics. Remember that hula music is not just background noise. It’s an integral part of the storytelling process, and it deserves your full attention.
The Significance of Costumes and Adornments: Dressing the Story
The costumes and adornments worn by hula dancers are not merely decorative; they are an integral part of the performance, adding visual symbolism and enhancing the storytelling aspect of the dance. Every element, from the types of materials used to the specific arrangements of flowers and leaves, holds a specific meaning and contributes to the overall aesthetic of the dance.
Hula Kahiko Attire: Traditional Hula Kahiko attire is often simple and natural, reflecting the dancer’s connection to the earth. Women typically wear pa’u skirts made from kapa (barkcloth) or woven fibers, adorned with natural elements like leaves, flowers, and shells. Men often wear malo (loincloths) made from similar materials. Lei (garlands of flowers, leaves, or shells) are worn around the neck, head, and wrists, adding a touch of beauty and fragrance to the performance. The types of plants and flowers used in the lei can also have symbolic meanings. For example, the ‘ilima flower is often associated with royalty, while the lokelani rose is the official flower of Maui.
Hula ‘Auana Attire: Hula ‘Auana attire is typically more elaborate and colorful, reflecting the influence of Western fashion and materials. Women often wear long, flowing dresses or skirts made from modern fabrics, adorned with intricate patterns and designs. Men may wear shirts and pants, or more traditional attire like malo. Lei continue to be an important part of the costume, but they are often made from more elaborate materials like ribbons, feathers, and beads. The color of the dress can also be associated with the specific meaning. Red is often associated with strength, but it can also represent passion.
Adornments: In addition to clothing, hula dancers often wear a variety of adornments, such as bracelets, anklets, and headpieces. These adornments are typically made from natural materials like shells, feathers, seeds, and nuts. The type and arrangement of these adornments can vary depending on the specific dance and the dancer’s personal style. Some hula dancers wear tattoos that are relevant to their identity. The significance of clothing and adornments is that they help to portray the character of hula.
Practical Insights: Appreciating Hula Attire
When observing hula attire, pay attention to the materials, colors, and arrangements of the different elements. Try to identify the natural elements being used and consider their symbolic meanings. Notice how the attire enhances the overall aesthetic of the dance and contributes to the storytelling process. Research the history and traditions behind the different types of hula attire, as this can provide valuable insights into the cultural significance of the dance. It’s a constant learning process, but well worth the effort.
The Role of the Kumu Hula: The Teacher and Guide
The kumu hula is the hula master, the teacher, mentor, and spiritual guide who transmits the knowledge and traditions of hula to the next generation. The kumu hula is not simply a dance instructor; they are the keepers of a sacred flame, responsible for preserving the integrity and authenticity of the hula tradition.
Responsibilities of a Kumu Hula: The kumu hula is responsible for teaching students the proper techniques, movements, and chants of hula. They also impart the historical and cultural context of the dance, ensuring that students understand the deeper meanings behind each gesture and step. In addition to teaching the technical aspects of hula, the kumu hula also plays a vital role in shaping the character and values of their students. They instill in them a sense of respect for the traditions of hula, a commitment to excellence and a deep appreciation for Hawaiian culture. Kumu Hula have to be very knowledgeable.
The Importance of Lineage (Hālau): Most kumu hula are trained within a specific lineage or hālau (hula school), passing down the knowledge and traditions of hula from generation to generation. These lineages often have their own unique styles and interpretations of hula, adding to the diversity and richness of the tradition. Belonging to a hālau provides students with a sense of community and belonging, fostering a strong connection to their teachers and fellow dancers. The structure of the hālau is hierarchical, with the kumu hula at the top and students progressing through the ranks as they develop their skills and knowledge. There are lots of sacrifices involved in becoming a Kumu Hula.
Practical Insights: Finding a Kumu Hula: If you are interested in learning hula, it is important to find a reputable kumu hula who is committed to preserving the traditions of the dance. Look for a kumu hula who has a strong lineage or hālau and who is respected within the Hawaiian community. Attend hula performances and workshops to get a sense of the kumu hula’s teaching style and philosophy. Talk to other hula dancers and ask for their recommendations. Remember that learning hula is a long-term commitment, requiring dedication, discipline, and respect for the traditions of the dance.
Hula in Modern Hawai’i: A Flourishing Tradition
Despite the challenges of modernization and cultural assimilation, hula continues to thrive in modern Hawai’i. It is a vibrant and dynamic art form that is constantly evolving while still retaining its core values and traditions. Hula can be seen in almost every state and country in the world.
Hula Competitions: Hula competitions like the Merrie Monarch Festival and the Queen Lili’uokalani Keiki Hula Competition play a vital role in preserving and promoting hula. These events showcase the incredible skill and artistry of hula dancers from around the world, inspiring new generations to embrace the tradition. While these competitions are highly competitive, they also foster a sense of community and camaraderie among hula dancers.
Hula in Education: Many schools and community organizations in Hawai’i offer hula classes, providing opportunities for children and adults to learn about this important cultural tradition. These classes not only teach the technical aspects of hula but also instill in students a sense of pride in their Hawaiian heritage. Efforts are being made to incorporate hula into the curriculum of public schools, ensuring that all students have access to this valuable cultural resource.
Hula as Cultural Ambassador: Hula dancers serve as cultural ambassadors for Hawai’i, sharing the beauty and spirit of the islands with audiences around the world. They perform at cultural festivals, community events, and educational programs, promoting a deeper understanding and appreciation of Hawaiian culture. Hula is also used as a form of therapy, helping people to connect with their bodies, emotions, and spirituality. There is also a push for more opportunities of those interested in participating in hula.
Practical Insights: Supporting Hula in Modern Hawai’i
There are many ways to support hula in modern Hawai’i. Attend hula performances and competitions. Take a hula class and learn about the traditions of the dance. Support organizations that are dedicated to preserving and promoting hula. Purchase hula-related products like lei, music, and clothing from local vendors. Most importantly, show respect for the dancers, teachers, and traditions of hula. Remember that hula is more than just a dance; it is a living legacy of Hawai’i, a testament to the enduring spirit of the Hawaiian people.
FAQ Section
What is the difference between Hula Kahiko and Hula ‘Auana?
Hula Kahiko is the ancient, traditional form of hula, characterized by powerful movements, traditional instruments, and chants in ancient Hawaiian. Hula ‘Auana is the modern form of hula, influenced by Western music and instruments, with more fluid movements and songs in Hawaiian, English, or both.
Where can I see authentic hula performances in Hawai’i?
You can see authentic Hula performances at cultural festivals like the Merrie Monarch Festival, luaus, hotels, and resorts. Check local event listings for smaller halau performances at cultural centers and community events.
Can I take hula lessons as a visitor?
Yes, many hula schools offer introductory lessons for visitors of all skill levels. This is a great way to learn basic steps and movements while gaining a deeper understanding of the dance.
What should I wear to a hula performance?
For a casual performance, comfortable clothing is appropriate. If attending a more formal event like a luau, dress in business casual or resort attire. Above all, demonstrate appropriate respect for the dance. Avoid wearing anything disrespectful, such as clothing bearing offensive images.
How can I learn more about the meaning of hula gestures?
Research the symbolic meanings of hula gestures online or in books about Hawaiian culture. Pay close attention to the dancers’ hands and facial expressions when watching a performance, and listen carefully to the accompanying chants or songs.
References List
Barrère, D. B. (1980). Hula: Historical Perspectives. Bishop Museum Press.
Kanahele, G. S. (1979). Hawaiian Music and Musicians: An Illustrated History. University of Hawaii Press.
Tatar, E. (1987). Hula, Historical Perspectives. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.
Pukui, M. K., & Elbert, S. H. (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press.
Ready to experience the magic of hula for yourself? Whether you attend a captivating performance, take a hula lesson, or simply delve deeper into the rich history and symbolism of this art form, you’re sure to be touched by its beauty and power. Hula is not just a dance; it’s an invitation to connect with the heart of Hawai’i. Start your journey today!
