Hawaiian Kakau is more than just skin decoration; it’s a deeply ingrained cultural practice that tells stories of ancestry, personal identity, and spiritual connection to the land. It’s a visual language etched onto the body, connecting individuals to their kūpuna (ancestors) and their place within the Hawaiian cosmos. Kakau holds mana (spiritual power) and serves as a constant reminder of one’s responsibilities and lineage.
The History and Significance of Kakau
The art of Kakau dates back centuries in Polynesian cultures, including Hawaii. Before Western contact, Hawaiians used Kakau not simply for adornment, but as a pivotal part of their social, spiritual, and personal lives. Captain Cook’s voyages in the late 18th century provided some of the earliest written accounts of Hawaiian tattooing. Traditionally, Kakau marked significant life events, such as reaching adulthood, marriage, achievements in battle or fishing, and even mourning. It served as a visual genealogy, showcasing one’s family history and social standing. The placement of the tattoo was deliberate, with certain areas of the body holding specific cultural meanings.
The arrival of missionaries in the 19th century significantly impacted Hawaiian culture, and Kakau was largely suppressed. Seen as ‘heathen’ or ‘primitive’, it was discouraged and actively stamped out in many communities. Fortunately, the art and its deeply embedded meaning were kept alive through oral tradition and the determination of Hawaiian families who quietly continued the practice. In recent decades, there has been a powerful resurgence of interest and pride in Hawaiian culture, leading to a revitalization of Kakau. Today, a growing number of individuals are seeking to reconnect with their heritage through this ancient art form.
Tools and Techniques of Traditional Kakau
Creating traditional Kakau was a painstaking process. The tools used were not the electric machines of today, but rather handcrafted implements made from natural materials. The primary tool was a set of bones, often bird or pig bones, sharpened and shaped into fine points. These tools, known as mōloli, iwi, or hāhau, were then attached to a handle made of wood or bone. Ink, or paʻu, was created from the soot of burned kukui nuts, and sometimes mixed with sugar cane juice or other natural ingredients. The process involved tapping the tool into the skin with a mallet, a method that was far more time-consuming and physically demanding than modern tattooing.
The method of applying the Kakau involved two artists: the kahuna kākau (tattoo master) and an assistant. The kahuna kākau held the tools and executed the design, while the assistant tapped the mallet, striking the tool to pierce the skin and implant the pigment. This process was meticulous, often taking many hours or even days to complete a single tattoo. The sounds of the tapping itself were important, resonating throughout the community and playing a role in the ceremony.
The pain associated with traditional Kakau was significant. Because the tools were tapped into the skin rather than smoothly gliding, the process was more abrasive. The healing process was also lengthy, requiring careful attention to prevent infection. Traditional treatments included using mashed kukui nuts or other medicinal plants to soothe the skin and promote healing. Despite the pain, the experience was considered a rite of passage and a deeply spiritual event.
Common Motifs and Their Meanings
The designs used in Kakau are rich in symbolism, each element holding a specific meaning rooted in Hawaiian culture and history. Several common motifs reappear, each telling a story, conveying a message, or representing a connection to the ‘aina (land) or the gods.
- Sharks’ Teeth (Niho Mano): Representing protection, strength, and guidance. They symbolize the power of the shark, a revered animal in Hawaiian culture.
- Ocean Waves (Nalu): Symbolizing the ebb and flow of life, adaptability, and the constant connection to the ocean, a vital source of sustenance and transportation. They can also represent persistence and overcoming challenges.
- Spearheads (ʻOka): Indicating courage, protection, and fighting spirit. They represent the warrior and the ability to defend oneself and one’s family.
- Hei Matau (Fish Hook): Representing prosperity, abundance, and a deep connection to the ocean. It symbolizes the Hawaiian dependence on fishing and the need to provide for one’s family. Often associated with the demigod Maui, who used a magical fishhook to pull the islands out of the sea.
- Kalo (Taro plant): Representing family, growth, and sustenance. It symbolizes the importance of family connection and the life-giving nature of the land. The kalo plant is a staple food in Hawaii and is considered an ancestor of the Hawaiian people.
These are just a few examples of the many motifs used in Kakau. The specific meaning of each design depends on the individual’s family history, personal experiences, and the intention behind the tattoo. Modern Kakau artists often work closely with their clients to create custom designs that reflect their unique stories and aspirations.
The Revitalization of Kakau in Modern Hawaii
The revival of Kakau is a testament to the enduring power of Hawaiian culture. Over the past few decades, there has been a surge in interest in rediscovering and reclaiming traditional practices. This movement is driven by a desire to reconnect with ancestral roots, to preserve cultural identity, and to combat the effects of historical displacement and colonization. In this revival, Kakau has become more than just an art form; it has evolved into a powerful symbol of Hawaiian pride and resilience.
Several artists and cultural practitioners have played key roles in revitalizing Kakau. These individuals have dedicated themselves to researching and understanding the traditional techniques, designs, and meanings, and to sharing their knowledge with others. They often work with elders and cultural experts to ensure that the practices are being carried out respectfully and authentically. Some prominent Kakau artists include:
Keone Nunes: Considered a leading figure in the revival of traditional Kakau. He has studied extensively under master tattooists and is known for his commitment to preserving the ancient techniques and meanings. His work often involves deeply personal consultations with clients to ensure that the designs reflect their individual stories and lineage.
Keli’iokalani Makua: Another influential artist who is dedicated to perpetuating the art of Kakau. He is known for his intricate designs and his deep understanding of Hawaiian symbolism. Keli’iokalani is also active in educating the public about the history and significance of Kakau.
Practitioners like these are helping to reclaim a practice that was once suppressed, and they are empowering individuals to connect with their heritage in a meaningful way.
Finding a Kakau Artist and Ensuring Authenticity
If you are interested in getting a Kakau tattoo, it is crucial to choose an artist who is knowledgeable, respectful, and committed to honoring the cultural significance of the practice. It’s important to do your research and seek out an artist who has a deep understanding of Hawaiian culture and the history of Kakau. Look for artists who have studied with reputable teachers and who demonstrate a commitment to preserving the traditional techniques and meanings.
Here are some tips for finding an authentic Kakau artist:
- Ask for Recommendations: Reach out to people in the Hawaiian community and ask for recommendations. Word-of-mouth is often the best way to find reputable artists.
- Review Portfolios: Look at the artist’s portfolio to see examples of their work. Pay attention to the designs and the overall aesthetic. Do they seem to be adhering to traditional styles and motifs?
- Inquire About Their Training: Ask the artist about their training and their experience with Kakau. How did they learn the art form? Who were their teachers?
- Consultation: Schedule a consultation with the artist to discuss your ideas and your reasons for wanting a Kakau tattoo. This is an opportunity to get a sense of their knowledge and their approach to the practice.
- Respect Cultural Protocols: Be prepared to respect the cultural protocols associated with Kakau. This may include offering a pule (prayer) before the tattooing process and expressing gratitude to the artist and your ancestors.
Getting a Kakau tattoo is a deeply personal and cultural experience. By choosing an artist who is knowledgeable, respectful, and committed to authenticity, you can ensure that your tattoo is not only beautiful but also meaningful and respectful to Hawaiian culture.
The Cost of Kakau
Estimating the cost of Kakau can be tricky because it varies widely based on several factors. The artist’s experience and reputation play a significant role. Highly sought-after and experienced artists will typically charge more. The size and complexity of the design are also key determinants. Intricate, detailed designs require more time and skill, thus increasing the cost. The time required to complete the tattoo is typically billed by the hour. Simple designs might take only a few hours, while larger, more complex pieces could take several sessions spanning days.
As a general guideline, expect to pay anywhere from $200 to $500 per hour for a reputable Kakau artist. A small, simple design might cost between $400 and $1000, while a larger, more intricate piece could easily reach several thousand dollars. Materials, such as the ink and any traditional tools used, may also be factored into the overall cost. It’s important to discuss all these factors with your artist upfront to get a clear understanding of the total cost and payment schedule. Remember that Kakau is an investment in a piece of living art that carries deep cultural significance, so prioritize finding a skilled and respectful artist over simply seeking the lowest price.
Beyond the Tattoo: Honoring the Commitment
Receiving a Kakau is not merely about getting a tattoo; it’s about making a commitment to honoring the cultural significance of the art and the ancestral traditions it represents. This commitment extends far beyond the tattoo studio and into your daily life. It’s not really something that is measured materially; it’s how you live your life after the Kakau is completed.
Begin by educating yourself about Hawaiian culture, history, and values. Learn about the significance of the designs and symbols used in your tattoo, and understand the stories they tell. This knowledge will help you to appreciate the deeper meaning of your Kakau and to share it with others respectfully. If you’re not already knowledgeable, learn some of the Hawaiian language. The Hawaiian Language is beautiful and gaining some familiarity with it is a great investment to your appreciation of Hawaiian culture.
Support local Hawaiian organizations and initiatives that are working to preserve and promote Hawaiian culture. Attend cultural events, participate in community activities, and contribute to efforts to protect the ‘aina. Being an active participant in the Hawaiian community communicates your respect and commitment to Kakau.
Live in accordance with Hawaiian values, such as ‘aloha’ (love, compassion), ‘kuleana’ (responsibility), and ‘lōkahi’ (unity, harmony). Strive to embody these values in your relationships, your work, and your interactions with the world. This demonstrates that you are not just wearing a tattoo, but that you are living a life that is in harmony with the values it represents. This is the most potent and meaningful way to honor the commitment you make when receiving a Kakau.
Practical Examples of Honoring the Commitment
Here are some examples of how you might put this into practice:
- If your Kakau includes a shark’s tooth motif, you might learn about the role of sharks in Hawaiian mythology and ecology and become involved in efforts to protect shark populations in Hawaiian waters.
- If your design includes ocean waves, you might participate in beach cleanups or support organizations that are working to protect the ocean from pollution.
- If your Kakau features the kalo plant, you might learn about the history and significance of kalo in Hawaiian culture and support local farmers who are growing kalo sustainably.
By taking these steps, you can demonstrate that you are not just wearing a Kakau, but that you are committed to living a life that is in alignment with the values and traditions it represents. While it’s not necessary for most to have intimate, personal ties to the Hawaiian islands themselves, you can honor the cultural significance of Kakau by living your life in alignment with the values from your own cultural experience that mirror the values of Hawaiian culture. Remember too that Kakau are often handed down through ancestral lineage, not necessarily through outside individuals. Consider honoring the tradition by simply admiring it from afar and by not inappropriately taking the tradition for yourself without the ties to ancestry.
FAQ Section
Here are some commonly asked questions about Hawaiian Kakau:
Q: Is it okay for non-Hawaiians to get Kakau?
A: This is a complex and sensitive issue. While some believe that Kakau should only be practiced by those of Hawaiian descent, others believe that it can be appropriate for non-Hawaiians as long as it is done respectfully and with a deep understanding of the cultural significance. Ultimately, the decision is up to the individual and the artist. It is essential to approach Kakau with humility, respect, and a willingness to learn about Hawaiian culture.
Q: How do I care for a new Kakau tattoo?
A: The healing process for Kakau tattoos is similar to that for modern tattoos. Keep the area clean and moisturized. Avoid swimming, excessive sun exposure, and wearing tight clothing. Follow the artist’s instructions carefully.
Q: Is Kakau painful?
A: Yes. The pain varies depending on the individual’s pain tolerance, but many describe the tattooing process as uncomfortable.</
If administered using traditional tools it’s generally described as more painful than the approach used in modern tattoo parlors.
Q: What if I can’t travel to Hawaii to get a Kakau tattoo?
A: While it is ideal to get a Kakau tattoo from an artist in Hawaii, there may be reputable artists practicing elsewhere. Do your research and ensure that the artist has a deep understanding of Hawaiian culture and the history of Kakau.
Q: Is Kakau only for men?
A: Historically, both men and women received Kakau. The designs and placement of the tattoos may have varied based on gender.
References
- Kaeppler, Adrienne L. “Hawaiki: Ancestral Polynesia.” Bishop Museum Press, 1989.
- Malo, David. “Hawaiian Antiquities.” Bishop Museum Press, 1951.
- Nunes, Keone. Personal interviews and workshops on traditional Kakau techniques.
- Handy, E.S. Craighill and Elizabeth Green Handy. “Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment.” Bishop Museum Press, 1972.
Ready to connect with your roots and wear a piece of living history? Even if Kakau itself isn’t an option, explore ways to support and celebrate Hawaiian culture. Learn the language, attend a hula performance, or simply share your newfound appreciation for this rich heritage with others. By honoring the traditions and stories woven into every Kakau, you become part of the ongoing narrative of Hawaiian resilience and beauty. Dive deeper, learn more, and let the spirit of aloha guide your journey!
