Slack key guitar, or kī hōʻalu, is a uniquely Hawaiian guitar style, born from adaptation and imbued with the spirit of the islands. It’s more than just an instrumental sound; it’s a storyteller, a historian, and a cultural touchstone that echoes through generations of Hawaiian families.
The Accidental Origins: A Gift Becomes a Legacy
The story begins in the early 19th century when Mexican cowboys, paniolos, were brought to Hawai’i to teach the locals how to manage cattle. These paniolos brought their guitars, and the Hawaiians, ever resourceful and musically inclined, took to the instrument. However, they weren’t interested in mimicking the Mexican style exactly. Instead, they experimented with different tunings, loosening (“slacking”) the strings to create open chords. It’s rumored that the Hawaiians kept the tunings secret, hiding them from outsiders. The term “slack key” refers to this loosening of the strings and the way the instrument is played primarily with the thumb hitting the bass notes and fingers striking the melody simultaneously.
Secret Tunings: Unlocking the Magic
One of the most fascinating aspects of slack key is the sheer variety of tunings. Unlike standard guitar tuning (EADGBE), slack key employs open tunings, where strumming all the strings together produces a chord. Imagine the possibilities! Some common tunings include:
- G Major (Tāro Patch): DGDGBD – A warm, resonant tuning often used for traditional Hawaiian songs.
- C Major (Leonard’s C): CGCGCE – A bright and cheerful tuning, favored for its versatility.
- D Major (Maui D): DADF#AD – A soulful tuning with a rich, ringing quality.
These are just a few examples. There are dozens, maybe even hundreds, of different tunings, each with its own character and unique sound. Some tunings are family secrets, passed down through generations. The beauty of slack key lies in this exploration and the individual expression each musician brings to their chosen tuning.
Beyond the Notes: The Story in the Music
Slack key isn’t just about the technical aspects of tunings and fingerpicking; it’s deeply tied to the stories and experiences of Hawai’i. Many songs celebrate the beauty of the islands, the love for family, and the connection to the land (ʻāina). The music often reflects the emotional landscape of Hawaiian life, from joyous gatherings to poignant reflections on loss and resilience. For instance, songs tell about the native species of plants and birds. The importance of water and ocean resources are also talked about, along with the respect we should give back to nature.
The Masters: Shaping the Sound of Slack Key
Over the years, certain musicians have become synonymous with slack key guitar, shaping its evolution and inspiring countless others. Here are a few names you absolutely need to know:
- Gabby Pahinui: Considered the father of modern slack key, Gabby was a true innovator. His soulful voice and masterful guitar playing helped popularize the genre and influenced generations of musicians. His ability to blend traditional Hawaiian music with contemporary sounds made him a legend.
- Atta Isaacs: A master of improvisation, Atta was known for his intricate fingerpicking and his ability to create complex harmonies on the guitar. He left behind a treasure trove of recordings.
- Ledward Kaapana: A virtuoso guitarist and vocalist, Ledward is known for his incredible speed and dexterity. His music reflects a deep understanding of Hawaiian culture and a passion for sharing it with the world.
- Dennis Kamakahi: A gifted songwriter and guitarist, Dennis was known for his heartfelt lyrics and his ability to capture the essence of Hawaiian life in his music. A prolific song-writer, his gentle voice and warm style gave aloha to communities near and far.
These are just a few of the many talented musicians who have contributed to the rich tapestry of slack key guitar music.
Finding the Sound: Where to Experience Slack Key
Want to immerse yourself in the sounds of slack key? Here are a few ways to experience it firsthand:
- Live Performances: Many hotels and resorts throughout Hawai’i feature live slack key guitar performances. Check local listings and inquire at your hotel for upcoming shows. Look for smaller, more intimate venues for a truly authentic experience. Places like the Slack Key Show in Maui offer regular performances. Prices typically range from $40-$70 per ticket.
- Festivals: Keep an eye out for Hawaiian music festivals, which often feature slack key guitar artists. The annual Mele Mei festival in Hawai’i celebrates Hawaiian music and culture throughout May.
- Record Stores: Browse the shelves of local record stores for albums by slack key guitar artists. These can be found in local spots on each islands, but you can also use online resources such as CD Baby and learn the history.
- Online Resources: Websites like YouTube and Spotify offer a wealth of slack key guitar music to explore.
Learning to Play: Taking the Slack Key Plunge
Inspired to learn to play slack key guitar yourself? Here’s what you need to know:
- The Right Guitar: You can use a standard acoustic guitar for slack key, but some players prefer guitars with wider necks and string spacing. While not essential, a parlor guitar or a similar small-bodied instrument provides an easy to play and transport instrument.
- Finding a Teacher: Look for experienced slack key guitar teachers in your area or online. Many instructors offer private lessons or group classes. Don’t hesitate to ask if they know specific tunings or techniques as you progress.
- Online Resources: Numerous online resources offer tutorials and lessons on slack key guitar. Websites like YouTube and TrueFire have a wealth of instructional videos.
- Books and DVDs: Several books and DVDs provide instruction on slack key guitar techniques and tunings. Look for resources that focus on specific tunings or playing styles that interest you.
- Start with the Basics: Begin by learning the basic tunings and fingerpicking patterns. Practice regularly and be patient with yourself. It takes time and dedication to master the art of slack key guitar.
One great approach is to start with the G Major tuning (DGDGBD), as it is one of the most common and versatile. From there, slowly graduate into tunings such as C Wahine (CGCGCD), and drop D (DADGBE). Be patient and diligent!
The Cultural Significance: Keeping the Tradition Alive
Slack key guitar is more than just a musical style; it’s an important part of Hawaiian culture. It connects people to their heritage, their land, and their community. It’s a way of preserving stories, expressing emotions, and celebrating the spirit of aloha (love, compassion, and kindness). In recent years, there has been a growing effort to promote and preserve slack key guitar music. Organizations like the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame are working to recognize and honor the contributions of slack key guitar masters. Educational programs are also being developed to teach young people about the history and techniques of slack key guitar. By supporting these efforts, we can help ensure that this beautiful and culturally significant music continues to thrive for generations to come.
Where to purchase a Slack Key Guitar
If you’re looking to purchase a slack key guitar, you have a few options. Local music stores in Hawai’i are a great place to start, as they often carry instruments specifically designed for slack key playing. Some reputable brands to consider include Kamaka, KoAloha, and Kanile’a.
You can also find slack key guitars online through various retailers. Sites like Amazon and eBay offer a range of options, but it’s important to do your research and read reviews before making a purchase. Consider supporting independent luthiers who specialize in crafting handmade instruments. These guitars often have exceptional sound quality and are built with great care and attention to detail.
The cost of a slack key guitar can vary depending on the brand, materials, and craftsmanship. Entry-level instruments typically range from $500 to $1,000, while higher-end models can cost several thousand dollars. Whatever your budget, be sure to choose a guitar that feels comfortable to play and produces the sound you’re looking for.
Practical Exercises to Improve Playing Skills
To develop your slack key guitar skills, it is important to focus on specific practice exercises. These exercises help build finger strength, improve coordination, and develop a solid understanding of different tunings. Here are some examples:
- Fingerpicking Patterns: Focus on one particular fingerpicking pattern. A common pattern is to alternate your thumb between the bass strings (usually the sixth and fourth strings) while plucking the higher strings (third, second, and first strings) with your index, middle, and ring fingers.
- Chord Transitions: Smooth chord transitions are essential in slack key guitar. Practice moving between common chords in your chosen tuning, such as G, C, and D in the G Major tuning (DGDGBD). Use a metronome to maintain a steady tempo.
- Melody Lines: Work on playing simple melody lines on the higher strings while maintaining a steady rhythm with your thumb on the bass strings. This exercise will help you develop independence between your thumb and fingers.
- Improvisation: Improvisation is a key element of slack key guitar. Start by improvising over simple chord progressions, focusing on using notes that fit within the key of the tuning. As you become more comfortable, experiment with adding embellishments and variations.
Start slow to focus on playing accurately, and stay focused on clear and precise notes. Gradually increase the tempo as you begin to master each skill, and focus primarily on enjoying yourself as you progress.
Exploring Traditional Slack Key Techniques
Slack key guitar is more than just a musical style; it’s an integral part of Hawaiian culture, and understanding traditional techniques can greatly enhance your playing. These methods and approaches will allow you to produce many unique sounds.
- Harmonics: Learn to play natural and artificial harmonics on the guitar. Harmonics can add a shimmering, ethereal quality to your playing.
- Slides: Use a slide (often a bottleneck or a glass slide) to create smooth, gliding sounds on the strings. Experiment with different types of slides to find the one that suits your playing style best.
- Hammer-ons and Pull-offs: Incorporate hammer-ons and pull-offs into your playing to create smooth, legato phrases. These techniques involve using your fingers to strike or pluck the strings without using your picking hand.
- Vibrato: Develop a subtle vibrato technique to add expressiveness and warmth to your playing. You can achieve vibrato by slightly bending the string up and down with your finger.
If you are new to many of these techniques, try to watch performances of Gabby Pahinui, Ledward Kaapana and other iconic slack-key guitarists. This is a great method to find inspiration. Do your best not to be overly concerned with perfection; just try to enjoy the journey.
FAQ Section
What makes slack key guitar different from other guitar styles?
Slack key guitar uses open tunings, where strumming all the strings creates a chord. The strings are “slacked” or loosened, and the playing style emphasizes the thumb playing bass notes and the fingers striking the melody simultaneously. This approach can often produce warm and intimate sounds.
Are there specific guitars designed for slack key?
While you can use a standard acoustic guitar, some prefer wider necks and string spacing for slack key. Parlor guitars are also commonly used, and they give a unique, crisp, resonant tonal quality.
How do I find a good slack key guitar teacher?
Look for experienced teachers in your area or online. Check their credentials, listen to their playing, and ask about their experience with slack key tunings and techniques. There are many available online instructors to work with.
What are some essential slack key guitar songs to learn?
Some classics include “Pua Lilia” by Gabby Pahinui, “Hi’ilawe” by Atta Isaacs, and “Ka Uluwehi O Ke Kai” by Dennis Kamakahi. Learning these songs will expose you to a variety of tunings and techniques.
How can I support the preservation of slack key guitar music?
Attend live performances, purchase albums by slack key artists, and support organizations that promote Hawaiian music and culture. You can also spread awareness by sharing your love for slack key guitar with others.
What should I know about the history of slack-key?
Mexican cowboys and their guitars were brought to Hawai’i in the early 19th century, teaching Hawaiians how to manage cattle. Hawaiians then experimented with the instruments, creating their own tunings, with the strings “slacked” to generate chords. The style and secrets were heavily guarded, adding to its allure.
References List
- Kanahele, G. S. (1986). Kū Kanaka, Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values. University of Hawaii Press.
- McLean, M. (1999). An Annotated Bibliography of Oceanic Music and Dance. Pendragon Press.
- Tatar, E. (1987). Hawaiian Music. Bishop Museum Press.
Ready to experience the magic of slack key guitar? Whether you’re a seasoned musician or a curious listener, there’s a whole world of music waiting to be discovered. Start exploring the sounds, learn about the history, and immerse yourself in the culture of kī hōʻalu. Go to a live performance or learn an instrument to see for yourself all of the aloha!
