Slack key guitar, or kī hōʻalu, is a uniquely Hawaiian musical tradition, born from the blend of cultural influences and shaped by the islands’ history. More than just a style of playing, it’s a storytelling medium, a connection to the land (ʻāina), and a testament to the resourcefulness and creativity of the Hawaiian people. Its evocative sounds transport listeners to sun-drenched beaches, lush valleys, and the heart of Hawaiian heritage.
The Seeds of Slack Key: From Vaqueros to Village Virtuosos
The story of slack key begins in the early 19th century when Mexican cowboys, or paniolos, brought guitars to Hawaiʻi. These instruments, initially used for ranching songs, were quickly adopted by native Hawaiians. However, they weren’t content to simply mimic the style they were taught. Hawaiians, always possessing a knack for adaptation and innovation, transformed the guitar into something entirely their own.
One key aspect of this transformation was the slackening of the strings. Paniolos typically kept their guitars in standard tuning, necessary for playing along with familiar melodies. But Hawaiians experimented. They loosened certain strings – “slacking” them – to create open tunings that resonated with their own musical sensibilities. This allowed them to play chords by barring the entire neck with one finger, freeing up other fingers for melodic embellishments, slides, and the characteristic “hammer-ons” and “pull-offs” that define the slack key sound.
Imagine village gatherings filled with the sounds of these newly tuned guitars. Each family, each community, developed its own unique tuning, its own set of songs, and its own distinct style of playing. These tunings were often closely guarded secrets, passed down through generations within the family. This element of secrecy helped preserve the cultural significance and artistic integrity of kī hōʻalu. It also meant that a single player might know several different tunings and adapt them based on the song, the occasion, or even just his or her own mood. The essence of slack key became personalization.
Tunings and Techniques: Unlocking the Kī Hōʻalu Sound
The heart of slack key lies in its myriad of open tunings. While hundreds may have existed historically, a select few have become more widely known and used. Understanding these tunings is essential to appreciating the depth and complexity of the music.
G Major Tuning (Tāro Patch): This is one of the most common and versatile tunings, known for its bright and cheerful sound. The strings are tuned to D-G-D-G-B-D. The origin of its name “Tāro Patch” comes from fields of taro, a main crop in Hawaii and is a staple food. This tuning is often used for upbeat songs and instrumentals.
C Major Tuning (Leonard’s C): Tuned to C-G-D-G-C-E, this tuning has a slightly mellower and more contemplative feel than G Major. Leonard Kwan helped popularize this tuning.
D Major Tuning (Maui Tuning): D-A-D-F#-A-D. A popular tuning named for the lovely island of Maui where it is used often.
Dropped-D Tuning (Wahine): D-G-D-G-B-E. “Wahine” meaning female or women in Hawaiian.
Slack key guitarists use their thumb to maintain a steady bass line, often alternating between two or three bass notes. This provides the rhythmic foundation for the melody, which is typically played by the index and middle fingers. The thumb is also responsible for creating the distinctive “boom-chick” rhythm that is so characteristic of slack key.
Another key element of slack key technique is the use of harmonics, or “chimes.” These are produced by lightly touching the string at specific points along the fretboard, creating bell-like tones that add a shimmering quality to the music. Advanced players can create complex harmonic melodies and embellishments, showcasing their mastery of the instrument.
The Lyrics and Stories: Weaving Hawaiian Culture into Song
While instrumental slack key is certainly popular, many kī hōʻalu songs feature lyrics that tell stories about Hawaiian history, culture, and the natural environment. These songs, often written in the Hawaiian language, provide a powerful connection to the past and serve as a way to preserve and transmit traditional knowledge.
Songs might tell stories about specific places, such as the “Hana Highway” on Maui or the “Waipiʻo Valley” on the Big Island. They might recount historical events, such as the reign of Queen Liliʻuokalani or the arrival of Western missionaries. Or they might simply celebrate the beauty and abundance of the Hawaiian islands, with lyrics that evoke the scent of plumeria, the sound of waves crashing on the shore, and the vibrant colors of a sunset over the Pacific Ocean.
Many slack key songs also express themes of love, loss, and longing. These songs, often sung in a high, plaintive voice, can be deeply moving and emotionally resonant. They reflect the joys and sorrows of life in Hawaiʻi and offer a glimpse into the hearts and minds of the Hawaiian people.
The Enduring Legacy: Slack Key in the 21st Century
Despite facing challenges from changing musical tastes and the increasing globalization of culture, slack key guitar has managed to survive and thrive in the 21st century. Thanks to the efforts of dedicated musicians, educators, and cultural organizations, kī hōʻalu is experiencing a resurgence in popularity both in Hawaiʻi and abroad.
Several factors have contributed to this resurgence. The establishment of the Annual Slack Key Guitar Festival, held on multiple islands each year, has provided a platform for established and emerging artists to showcase their talents and connect with audiences. These festivals also offer workshops and educational programs that help to perpetuate the tradition and inspire new generations of players.
Another key factor has been the increasing availability of slack key guitar instruction. In the past, learning kī hōʻalu was often a matter of being fortunate enough to be taught by a family member or a respected elder in the community. Today, there are numerous online resources, instructional books, and workshops that make it easier than ever to learn the basics of slack key. Many talented players also offer private lessons, either in person or online.
Furthermore, the music of slack key legends like Gabby Pahinui, Atta Isaacs, and Sonny Chillingworth has been rediscovered and celebrated by a new generation of music lovers. Their recordings have been reissued and remastered, introducing their timeless melodies and soulful vocals to a wider audience. These artists, along with contemporary masters like Keola Beamer and Jeff Peterson, have helped to elevate slack key to an art form that is respected and appreciated around the world.
Where to Experience Slack Key Guitar in Hawaiʻi
If you’re planning a trip to Hawaiʻi and want to experience the magic of slack key guitar firsthand, there are several places where you can catch live performances. Keep in mind that schedules can change, so it’s always a good idea to check online or call ahead to confirm the dates and times of performances.
Major Festivals: The Annual Slack Key Guitar Festival itself is a must-attend event. Check their website for dates and locations on different islands. You’ll see legendary players alongside up-and-coming stars making it a good way to see an overview of slack key guitar.
Smaller, Local Venues: Look for smaller concerts and performances at local restaurants, bars, and community centers. A quick internet search will usually turn up some options.
Hotels: Some hotels, particularly those with a focus on Hawaiian culture, regularly feature slack key guitar performances in their lobbies or restaurants.
Community Events: Keep an eye out for community events, such as farmers’ markets, craft fairs, and cultural festivals. These events often feature live music, including slack key guitar.
The Shops at Wailea (Maui): This outdoor shopping center often hosts free entertainment, including slack key guitar performances. Check their schedule for details. (3750 Wailea Alanui Dr, Wailea, HI 96753, USA)
Kani Ka Pila Grille, Outrigger Reef Waikiki Beach Resort (O’ahu): While primarily known for contemporary Hawaiian music, Kani Ka Pila Grille sometimes features slack key guitarists. (2169 Kalia Rd, Honolulu, HI 96815, USA) Expect to dine oceanside while listening to live music.
Learning Slack Key: Resources for Aspiring Guitarists
If you’re inspired to learn slack key guitar yourself, there are many resources available to help you get started. Whether you’re a complete beginner or an experienced guitarist looking to expand your repertoire, you’ll find plenty of options to suit your needs.
Online Lessons: Several websites offer online slack key guitar lessons, ranging from beginner-friendly introductions to advanced techniques. Some popular options include platforms like YouTube and specialized music lesson websites.
Instructional Books and DVDs: Many instructional books and DVDs are available that teach the basics of slack key guitar. These resources often include detailed explanations of tunings, techniques, and song arrangements. Look for books and DVDs by reputable instructors, such as Keola Beamer or Ozzie Kotani.
Workshops and Classes: Consider attending a slack key guitar workshop or class. These events can provide you with hands-on instruction from experienced players and offer a chance to connect with other students. Many slack key festivals and music schools offer workshops throughout the year.
Private Lessons: If you want personalized instruction, consider taking private lessons from a qualified slack key guitar teacher. Private lessons can be tailored to your individual needs and goals, and can help you progress more quickly than self-study.
Slack Key Guitar Tuner Apps: Use a chromatic tuner app, as physical tuners can be cumbersome. Learn the tunings provided above and tune using an app on your phone.
Cost Considerations: Exploring Slack Key Without Breaking the Bank
When it comes to experiencing and learning about slack key guitar, it’s helpful to have an idea of the potential costs involved. Here’s a breakdown of some of the expenses you might encounter:
Concert Tickets: Ticket prices for slack key guitar concerts can vary depending on the venue, the artist, and the type of event. Smaller, local performances might cost between $10 and $30. Larger concerts at major venues could range from $50 to $100 or more. Slack Key Guitar Festival tickets can range from free to approximately $50 depending on the day and events available.
Instructional Materials: Instructional books and DVDs typically cost between $20 and $50. Online lessons can range from free (for basic tutorials) to $20-$50 per month (for subscription-based services). Stand-alone courses might cost $50 to $200.
Workshops and Classes: The cost of workshops and classes can vary widely depending on the duration, the instructor, and the location. A day-long workshop might cost $50 to $150, while a multi-day workshop could cost several hundred dollars. Many slack key workshops include guitar rentals.
Private Lessons: Private lessons typically cost between $50 and $100 per hour, depending on the teacher’s experience and qualifications. Some teachers may offer discounts for purchasing a package of lessons.
Instruments: Do you already own an acoustic guitar that can be used for open tunings? If not, factor in that cost. Decent beginner guitars can be had for as little as $200.
FAQ Section
What does “kī hōʻalu” mean?
The term “kī hōʻalu” translates literally to “loosen the key.” In the context of guitar playing, it refers to the practice of slackening the strings to create open tunings.
What makes slack key guitar unique compared to other guitar styles?
Slack key guitar is unique due to its innovative use of open tunings, its distinctive fingerpicking techniques, its connection to Hawaiian culture and storytelling, and its tradition of personalization and improvisation.
Do I need to speak Hawaiian to appreciate slack key guitar?
No, you don’t need to speak Hawaiian to appreciate slack key guitar. While many songs feature lyrics in the Hawaiian language, the beauty and emotion of the music can be felt and understood regardless of your language skills. Many instrumental slack key pieces are equally captivating.
Is slack key guitar difficult to learn?
Slack key guitar can be challenging to learn, but it’s also very rewarding. The open tunings can take some getting used to, but they also make it easier to play certain chords and melodies. With dedication and practice, anyone can learn to play slack key guitar.
Can I play slack key guitar on any type of guitar?
Yes, you can play slack key guitar on any type of acoustic guitar. However, some guitars may be better suited for certain tunings or playing styles. Many slack key players prefer to use guitars with wider necks and larger bodies, as these tend to produce a fuller and more resonant sound.
What are some good slack key guitar albums to listen to?
Some highly recommended albums include: Gabby Pahinui’s “Gabby,” Keola Beamer’s “Moe’uhane Ki Ki’eki’e (High Dreams),” Sonny Chillingworth’s “Endless Summer,” and Ledward Kaapana’s “Black Sand.” These albums showcase the diversity and artistry of the slack key guitar tradition.
Where can I find accurate slack key guitar tabs?
Finding accurate tabs is a challenge. Look to official websites of performers for official versions. Search online for guitar tabs, and compare them to the original songs and recordings to see if they make sense and match the melody. Some instructional books will also have accurate tabs.
References
- Kanahele, G. S. (Ed.). (1986). Hawaiian Music and Musicians: An Encyclopedic Dictionary. University of Hawai’i Press.
- McLean, D. (2014). Slack Key Guitar: The Art of the Hawaiian Masters. Hal Leonard.
- Various Artists. (Various Years). The Annual Slack Key Guitar Festival Recordings. Daniel Ho Creations.
Ready to immerse yourself in the enchanting world of slack key guitar? Whether you’re visiting Hawaiʻi and want to experience live performances, or you’re an aspiring guitarist eager to learn the craft, there’s no time like the present to begin your journey. Seek out local musicians, explore online resources, and most importantly, let the spirit of kī hōʻalu guide your way. The rich history and vibrant culture of Hawaiʻi await your discovery through the magical sounds of this unique musical tradition. Embrace the aloha spirit, and let the journey begin!
