Slack key guitar, or kī hōʻalu as it’s known in Hawaiian, is more than just a style of playing; it’s a living embodiment of Hawaiian culture. Born from the merging of foreign influences and local ingenuity, this unique art form tells stories of the islands, their people, and their history, shaping not only Hawaiian music but the very soul of the culture itself. So, grab your ‘ukulele (or your regular guitar!), settle in, and let’s explore the fascinating journey of slack key guitar and its enduring impact.
The Arrival of the Guitar and Its Hawaiian Transformation
Our story begins with the arrival of guitars in Hawai’i. In the late 19th century, likely around 1832, Mexican cowboys (paniolos) brought guitars to the islands. They were hired by King Kamehameha III to manage the growing herds of cattle. These paniolos taught the locals how to play, but the Hawaiians, with their inherent musicality and love for innovation, weren’t content to simply copy. They began experimenting.
Imagine trying to play a song you’ve only heard without ever seeing the chords or the sheet music. That’s essentially what the early Hawaiian musicians faced. They started tuning the guitars to open chords, meaning that strumming the strings without pressing down on any frets produced a major chord. This allowed them to create a fuller, richer sound, reminiscent of the traditional Hawaiian vocal harmonies. More importantly, it allowed them to play in the different scales and melodies that their ears were already familiar with. Hence, the term “slack key” – loosening (or “slacking”) certain strings to achieve these open tunings.
Each family, each region, developed their own unique tunings, passed down through generations. These tunings became closely guarded secrets, a part of their family’s musical identity. This secrecy contributed to the mystique surrounding kī hōʻalu and its deeply personal connection to the player. It wasn’t just about technique; it was about family history and cultural heritage.
Slack Key Tunings: A World of Possibilities
There’s no single “slack key tuning.” That’s what makes it so fascinating! Dozens, perhaps hundreds, of tunings have been developed over time. However, a few have risen to prominence due to their popularity and versatility. Some of the most common include:
Taro Patch (G Major): D-G-D-G-B-D. This is arguably the most well-known and widely used tuning. Many introductory slack key lessons focus on Taro Patch. It’s bright, cheerful, and perfect for upbeat melodies. Think of it as the “gateway tuning” to the world of kī hōʻalu.
Wahine (C Major): C-G-D-G-B-D. This tuning produces a distinctly sweet and resonant sound. Its commonly used for slower, more romantic songs often evoking images of gentle waves and swaying palm trees.
Mauna Loa (Open D): D-A-D-F#-A-D. Mauna Loa offers a deep, rich tone, with a powerful bass response, suitable for soulful tunes. Its perfect for conveying a sense of grandeur and the vastness of the Hawaiian landscape.
These are just a few examples. Don’t be afraid to experiment and find tunings that resonate with you. Online resources, like instructional videos and tuning guides, can be invaluable tools for exploring different tunings. Many slack key guitarists are happy to share their knowledge (or at least hints!), so don’t hesitate to reach out to them at workshops or concerts.
Learning a new tuning can feel like learning a new language. It requires patience, practice, and a good ear. Start with one tuning and master it before moving on to another. Focus on learning the basic chord shapes and melodies in that tuning. Over time, you’ll develop a deeper understanding of how the tuning works and how to create your own unique sounds.
The Stories Within the Music
Slack key guitar isn’t just about the tunings; it’s about the stories the music tells. Traditionally, the songs were often about family histories, ancestral lands (ʻāina), and the beauty of the Hawaiian Islands. They could be love songs (mele hoʻoipoipo), laments (kanikau), or even humorous stories (mele olioli). The lyrics, often in the Hawaiian language, were deeply poetic and metaphorical.
Consider the song “Hi‘ilawe,” a classic example. It tells the story of a powerful waterfall on the Big Island and is often interpreted as a metaphor for the strength and resilience of the Hawaiian people. The melody is both powerful and melancholic, reflecting the ever-changing landscape of the islands and the challenges faced by its people. The guitar mimics the sounds of the waterfall, the gentle breeze, and the vibrant life surrounding it. Its not hyperbole to say that its more than music; its a connection to a place and its history.
The role of the voice is important to bear in mind too. While some slack key performances are purely instrumental, many feature vocals, often blending seamlessly with the guitar melodies. The vocalist often uses kaona (hidden meanings) in the lyrics, adding layers of depth and interpretation to the songs. Understanding kaona requires a deep understanding of Hawaiian culture and history, making listening to slack key guitar a rewarding experience on many levels.
Slack Key Legends: Passing Down the Tradition
Several legendary figures have played a crucial role in preserving and promoting slack key guitar. These kumu (teachers) not only mastered the art form but also dedicated their lives to passing it on to future generations. Among them are personalities that stand prominent.
Gabby Pahinui: Often considered the “father of modern slack key,” Gabby Pahinui revolutionized the genre with his innovative tunings and soulful playing style. He helped bring slack key guitar to a wider audience (both in Hawai’i and internationally) and inspired countless musicians. He was a true innovator and his music remains immensely influential.
Ledward Kaapana: Known for his lightning-fast fingerpicking and incredible versatility, Ledward Kaapana has mastered a wide range of slack key tunings and styles. While he is no exception to musical talent, his ability to seamlessly blend traditional Hawaiian music with contemporary influences has earned him international recognition.
Keola Beamer: A member of the famous Beamer family (one of Hawai’i’s most prominent musical families), Keola Beamer is a master of both traditional and modern slack key guitar. His compositions often blend Hawaiian melodies with classical and jazz influences, creating a unique and captivating sound. He also plays with a very distinctive emotional quality.
These are just a few of the many talented slack key guitarists who have contributed to the genre’s rich history. Seek out their music. Watch their performances. Learn from their techniques. By doing so, you’ll gain a deeper appreciation for the art form.
Preserving and Promoting Slack Key in the 21st Century
In recent decades, there has been a renewed interest in preserving and promoting slack key guitar. Organizations like the Hawaiian Slack Key Guitar Association are working to educate the public about the history and cultural significance of the music. They organize workshops, concerts, and festivals to showcase the talents of slack key guitarists and to ensure that the tradition continues to thrive.
The Grammy Awards also play a role in promoting slack key guitar. From 2005 to 2011, there was a dedicated Grammy Award category for “Best Hawaiian Music Album,” which often featured slack key guitar artists. While the category has since been discontinued (folded into the “Best Regional Roots Music Album” category), its existence helped to raise the profile of Hawaiian music and its artists.
Today, many opportunities exist for aspiring slack key guitarists to learn from the masters. Workshops are held throughout the islands, offering instruction in various tunings and techniques. Online resources, such as instructional videos and tablature, are also readily available. Some universities and colleges in Hawai’i offer courses in Hawaiian music, including slack key guitar. For instance, the Windward Community College offers courses dedicated to playing ‘ukulele and other related topics. These classes are often taught by renowned slack key guitarists.
Experiencing Slack Key Guitar in Hawai’i
If you’re planning a trip to Hawai’i, be sure to make time to experience slack key guitar in person. Attending a live performance is the best way to truly appreciate the artistry and emotion that goes into this music.
Here are a few tips for finding slack key guitar performances in Hawai’i:
Check local event listings: Websites like Eventbrite and local newspapers often list upcoming concerts and festivals featuring slack key guitarists.
Visit cultural centers: The Polynesian Cultural Center on O’ahu and other cultural centers throughout the islands regularly host performances of traditional Hawaiian music, including slack key guitar. These centers offer not only musical performances but also educational exhibits and demonstrations related to Hawaiian culture. This can be an immersion experience for anyone interested in learning more!
Look for performances at hotels and resorts: Many hotels and resorts in Hawai’i feature live music as part of their entertainment offerings. Inquire about performances by slack key guitarists when booking your stay. The atmosphere in these settings can be quite intimate, allowing listeners to experience the music in a relaxed and comfortable setting.
Attend a slack key guitar festival: Several festivals dedicated to slack key guitar are held in Hawai’i each year. These festivals are a great opportunity to see a variety of talented musicians perform and to learn more about the genre. The Ki Ho’alu Guitar Festival, usually held on O’ahu, is among the most prominent and well-regarded events for slack key guitar enthusiasts.
While it’s possible to find free performances, keep in mind that ticket prices for concerts featuring renowned slack key guitarists can range from $30 to $75 or more. However, the experience of witnessing these artists perform live is well worth the investment. Seeing them on stage adds another layer of depth to the story.
Beyond just attending performances, consider taking a slack key guitar lesson while you’re in Hawai’i. Several instructors offer private or group lessons for all skill levels. It’s a fantastic opportunity to learn the basics of slack key tuning and technique from experienced musicians. Some ukulele classes include elements of slack key. Even a single lesson can provide a deeper understanding of the music and its cultural significance.
Slack Key Guitar and the Future of Hawaiian Culture
Slack key guitar is a powerful symbol of Hawaiian culture. Its unique tunings and melodies reflect the islands’ history, landscape, and people. In a world where indigenous cultures are often marginalized, slack key guitar serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving and celebrating cultural traditions.
By passing down the music from one generation to the next, the tradition helps Hawaiians maintain a connection to their ancestors and to their cultural identity. It provides a sense of belonging and pride in their heritage. Moreover, the music’s beauty and emotional depth transcend cultural boundaries, allowing it to connect with people from all walks of life. Its more than just music; its a bridge between cultures, fostering understanding and appreciation.
As long as there are people willing to learn and share this music, slack key guitar will continue to thrive. By supporting slack key guitarists and organizations that promote and preserve the tradition, we can all play a role in ensuring that this unique art form continues to inspire and enrich our lives for generations to come.
FAQ Section
What does ‘kī hōʻalu’ mean?
Kī hōʻalu literally translates to “loosen the key.” It refers to the technique of slacking (or loosening) certain strings on the guitar to create open tunings. These tunings allow guitarists to play chords and melodies that are unique to Hawaiian music.
Can I learn to play slack key guitar if I’m not Hawaiian?
Absolutely! While slack key guitar is deeply rooted in Hawaiian culture, anyone can learn and appreciate the music. Many non-Hawaiian musicians have become accomplished slack key guitarists. However, it’s important to approach the music with respect and a genuine interest in learning about its cultural context.
What kind of guitar is best for slack key guitar?
Any acoustic guitar can be used for slack key guitar. However, some guitarists prefer using guitars with wider necks, as this provides more space for their fingers when playing complex chord shapes. Nylon-string guitars (classical guitars) are sometimes used, but steel-string guitars are more common.
How difficult is it to learn slack key guitar?
The difficulty of learning slack key guitar depends on your prior musical experience and your dedication to practice. If you already play guitar, learning the basics of slack key tunings and techniques may come relatively easily. However, mastering the nuances of the music and developing your own unique style takes time and effort. Be patient with yourself and enjoy the learning process! It’s a journey, not a destination.
Where can I find sheet music or tablature for slack key guitar songs?
Sheet music and tablature for slack key guitar songs can be found online and in music stores. Many books and instructional materials are also available, often focusing on specific tunings or artists. The Hawaiian Slack Key Guitar Association offers resources for learning slack key guitar, including tablature and instructional videos. There are also many online communities and forums dedicated to slack key guitar that offer a wealth of information and resources.
Are there any famous non-Hawaiian slack key guitarists?
Yes, there are several non-Hawaiian guitarists who have become well-known for their mastery of slack key. One notable example is George Kahumoku Jr., who’s mastery of multiple musical genres and instruments has earned him numerous recognitions, including multiple Grammy awards. Although not of purely Hawaiian decent, his dedication to the culture have made him one of the biggest names associated with it. These musicians have demonstrated that anyone can learn and appreciate slack key guitar regardless of their background.
References
Kanaeholo, Kiope Raymond. Kī Hō‘alu: History, Practice and Aesthetics. 2010. University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Doctoral Dissertation
McLean, Mervyn. An Annotated Bibliography of Oceanic Music and Dance. 2nd ed. Warren, MI: Harmonie Park Press, 1999.
Stillman, Amy Ku’uleialoha. Sacred Hula: Recovering the Religion of Hawai’i. Berkeley: `Ai Pohaku Press, 2005.
Ready to Dive In?
You’ve explored the history, the tunings, and the legends of slack key guitar. Now it’s time to experience it for yourself! Whether you pick up a guitar and start strumming, seek out a local performance, or simply listen to the music with a new appreciation, let the spirit of kī hōʻalu resonate within you. Share this article with others to spread awareness of Hawaiian culture. Explore virtual resources like online lessons and performances. If you’re lucky enough to visit Hawai’i, be sure to support local musicians and businesses by attending concerts, buying their music, and taking lessons. Let’s keep the tradition alive!
