Hawaiian music is more than just background tunes for luaus; it’s a living tapestry woven from ancient chants, evolving traditions, and contemporary innovation. Rediscovering this rich heritage means delving into the history, exploring the instruments, understanding the different styles, and appreciating the cultural significance behind each note and lyric. From the sacred oli to the upbeat rhythms of modern ukulele music, Hawaiian music tells the story of a people and their deep connection to the ‘āina (land).
The Foundation: Ancient Chants (Oli) and Hula
Before guitars and ukuleles, there were voices. The earliest form of Hawaiian music was oli, or chant. These weren’t just songs; they were prayers, historical records, genealogies, love stories, and more. Think of them as the Wikipedia of ancient Hawai’i, passed down orally for generations. Oli were often accompanied by hula, the dance that beautifully embodies the words and emotions of the chant. There are different types of oli, each with its own purpose. For example, oli komo are entrance chants typically used to announce a person’s arrival or a request for permission to enter a space. The rhythm and meter are incredibly important, often dictated by specific breathing techniques and vocal control. You might hear oli performed at cultural events, ceremonies, or even in some hotels that strive to share authentic Hawaiian traditions. If you’re lucky enough to witness an oli performance, pay attention to the storyteller, or kumu hula, as they connect the movements and words to the meaning behind the story.
Experiencing Oli and Hula: To authentically experience oli, look for cultural centers or festivals instead of commercial luaus. The Polynesian Cultural Center on O’ahu is a great option, as it highlights the cultures of several Polynesian islands, including Hawai’i, with respectful and authentic performances. Keep an eye out for events celebrating Merrie Monarch Festival, as they often include opportunities to witness incredible oli and hula performances. Check local listings from cultural organizations and community groups for smaller, more intimate events.
The Introduction of Instruments: A Global Fusion
The arrival of foreign instruments in the 19th century dramatically changed Hawaiian music. The most significant was the introduction of the braguinha, a small Portuguese guitar, which evolved into the ukulele. The story goes that in 1879, Portuguese immigrants arrived in Hawai’i, and one of them, João Fernandes, entertained the crowds with his braguinha. Locals loved the sound and quickly adopted it, eventually developing the ukulele we know today. The name “ukulele” roughly translates to “jumping flea,” perhaps referring to the quick movements of the player’s fingers. The ukulele’s portability and cheerful sound made it immensely popular, and it quickly became a central instrument in Hawaiian music.
Other instruments also found their way into the Hawaiian musical landscape. Guitars became popular, and Hawaiian musicians developed a unique style of slack-key guitar, known as ki ho‘alu. Steel guitars, played with a steel bar to create a distinctive sliding sound, also became a signature of Hawaiian music. Think about Gabby Pahinui, a legendary slack-key guitarist! These instruments, combined with traditional vocal styles, created a new sound that was uniquely Hawaiian but also influenced by global influences.
Learning to Play: If you’re inspired to pick up an ukulele, many music stores in Hawai’i offer lessons. Consider visiting Kamaka Ukulele in Honolulu for a look at premium ukuleles. Check out smaller, local shops for more affordable options and personalized instruction. Online resources like YouTube and dedicated ukulele learning sites are also great for beginners. Many offer free basic lessons. A good starting ukulele might cost around $100-$200, making it an accessible instrument for many.
Slack-Key Guitar (Ki Ho‘alu): A Unique Hawaiian Sound
Ki ho‘alu, or slack-key guitar, is a uniquely Hawaiian guitar style where the strings are loosened, or “slacked,” to create different tunings. This allows the guitarist to play chords that would be impossible in standard tuning. Each tuning creates a distinct sound and feel. It’s like having a completely different instrument just by changing the tuning! Slack-key guitar is often used to accompany songs about the land, love, and Hawaiian culture. The style is characterized by its fingerpicking and use of harmonics, creating a flowing, almost improvisational sound. The name “slack key” likely comes from the practice of loosening the strings, often hiding the tuning from others. Legendary musicians like Gabby Pahinui, known as “Pops,” helped popularize slack-key guitar and pass on the tradition to future generations. There are several different slack-key tunings, each with its own name and character. Common tunings include Taro Patch (G-major) and Wahine (C-major). Each tuning provides a unique sonic landscape to explore.
Finding Slack-Key Music: Many record stores in Hawai’i, like Jelly’s in Honolulu, carry a wide selection of slack-key guitar albums. You can also find it on streaming services. Look for artists like Keola Beamer, Ledward Kaapana, and Dennis Kamakahi. Check out slack key guitar festivals. The annual slack-key guitar festival, often held in various locations in Hawai’i, is a great opportunity to see multiple artists perform and learn about the different tunings and styles.
Hawaiian Steel Guitar: The Crying Sound of the Islands
Hawaiian steel guitar is another distinctive instrument in Hawaiian music. It’s played with a steel bar, which is slid along the strings to create a gliding, whining sound. The player holds the steel bar in one hand and plucks the strings with the other. This creates the characteristic “crying” sound that is so evocative of Hawaiian music. The instrument is usually played horizontally, with the strings facing up. It’s not unusual to see steel guitar players using volume pedals and other effects to further shape the sound. Think of it as a very expressive slide guitar. Great steel guitarists include Jerry Byrd, known as “The Hawaiian Steel Guitar Wizard,” and David “Kawika” Kahiapo, who continue to push the boundaries of the instrument.
Experiencing Steel Guitar: Look for musicians performing at hotels, restaurants, and cultural events. Check the local event listings or ask hotel concierge for recommendations. Steel guitar music can also be found online. Search for Hawaiian steel guitar playlists on streaming services or explore the websites of steel guitar artists.
Hapa Haole Music: Bridging Cultures
Hapa haole music emerged in the early 20th century as a blend of Hawaiian and Western musical styles. “Hapa haole” literally means “half foreign” or “part Caucasian” in Hawaiian. These songs often featured English lyrics mixed with Hawaiian phrases, and they were often written for tourists. While some view hapa haole music as less authentic than traditional Hawaiian music, it played a crucial role in popularizing Hawaiian music around the world. Think of songs like “Tiny Bubbles” or “Blue Hawai’i.” These songs are often lighthearted and romantic, and they helped create a romanticized image of Hawai’i that resonated with audiences worldwide. While not always critically acclaimed for its authenticity, hapa haole music provided opportunities for Hawaiian musicians to earn a living and share their culture with a wider audience.
Finding Hapa Haole: Hapa haole music can be found on vintage record compilations, streaming services, and even in some contemporary performances seeking to revive the genre. Explore online music stores or streaming platforms for collections of classic hapa haole songs. Check antique stores offering vinyl or CDs. You might be able to find some unique treasures.
Contemporary Hawaiian Music: Keeping the Tradition Alive
Contemporary Hawaiian music is a vibrant blend of traditional and modern influences. Musicians are constantly finding new ways to express their culture through music, incorporating elements of rock, reggae, pop, and other genres. It’s not just about recreating the old sounds; it’s about innovating and creating something new that reflects the current Hawaiian experience. Artists like Israel Kamakwiwo’ole (also known as IZ) achieved international fame with his ukulele medley of “Somewhere Over the Rainbow” and “What a Wonderful World.” Other contemporary artists like Hapa (Barry Flanagan and Nathan Aweau) blend Hawaiian music with jazz and world music influences. Some musicians are also using music to promote the Hawaiian language and culture. There is a focus on preserving the language through songwriting and performance. Many contemporary artists see themselves as cultural ambassadors, using their music to educate and inspire others about Hawaiian culture.
Discovering New Artists: Keep an eye out for local music festivals, concerts, and showcases featuring contemporary Hawaiian musicians. Check out venues like the Blue Note Hawai’i in Honolulu, which often hosts Hawaiian music performances. Explore online music platforms like Spotify or Apple Music for Hawaiian music playlists and new releases. Check out the Nā Hōkū Hanohano Awards, the Hawaiian Music Awards, which celebrates the best in Hawaiian music each year. This is a great way to discover new artists and albums.
The Importance of Lyrics: Storytelling Through Song
The lyrics in Hawaiian music are just as important as the music itself. Many songs tell stories about the land, the ocean, the ancestors, and the importance of family and community. The lyrics often use kaona, or hidden meanings, to convey deeper messages. Think of it as poetic subtext. Understanding the lyrics can add a whole new layer of appreciation to Hawaiian music. Many songs use metaphors and imagery to describe the natural world. For example, a song might describe the beauty of a waterfall as a metaphor for love and renewal. Learning the stories behind the songs can help you connect with the culture on a deeper level. Consider attending a cultural workshop or taking a Hawaiian language class. Even a basic understanding of the language can greatly enhance your appreciation of Hawaiian music.
Learn the Lyrics: Many resources online can help decode Hawaiian song lyrics. Websites dedicated to Hawaiian music often provide translations and explanations of kaona. Consider checking out YouTube tutorials and resources to explore some common lyrics meanings and pronunciations to help you connect more meaningfully with the music.
Attending a Luau: More Than Just a Show
Luaus can offer a glimpse into Hawaiian music and dance, but it’s important to choose a luau that prioritizes authenticity and cultural respect. Look for luaus that feature traditional Hawaiian music and dance, and that explain the cultural significance of the performances. It’s not just about watching a show; it’s about learning something about the culture. Be wary of luaus that focus more on entertainment than substance. A truly authentic luau will give you a deeper appreciation for Hawaiian culture. Some luaus also offer pre-show cultural demonstrations, such as lei making or ukulele lessons. These activities can enhance your experience and help you connect with the culture. Germaine’s Luau and Paradise Cove Luau are popular options on O’ahu.
Choosing Wisely: Research luaus online and read reviews before booking. Look for comments about the quality of the food, the authenticity of the performances, and the overall cultural experience. Cost vary based on the luau but look to spend anywhere between $100-$200.
Respecting the Culture: Being a Responsible Listener
When listening to Hawaiian music, it’s important to be mindful of the cultural context. Understand that these songs are often deeply personal and meaningful to the Hawaiian people. Don’t treat the music as simply background noise. Pay attention to the lyrics, the melodies, and the stories behind the songs. Avoid appropriating Hawaiian culture or using the music in ways that are disrespectful. For example, don’t use Hawaiian music to promote products or services without permission from the copyright holders. Support Hawaiian musicians by purchasing their music and attending their concerts. When you visit Hawai’i, be respectful of the local culture and traditions. Learn a few basic Hawaiian phrases, be mindful of your behavior, and support local businesses.
Learn and Engage: Take the initiative to learn more about Hawaiian culture and history beyond superficial tourist information. Read books, watch documentaries, and engage in conversations with local people.
Learning the Language: A Deeper Connection
Learning even a few basic Hawaiian phrases can greatly enhance your appreciation of the music. Understanding the language allows you to connect with the lyrics on a deeper level and to understand the cultural nuances of the songs. Consider taking a Hawaiian language class or using language learning apps. Websites like Duolingo may offer some basic Hawaiian lessons. Even learning a few words and phrases, like “aloha” (love, greetings) and “mahalo” (thank you), can go a long way.
Resources for Learning: Check out the University of Hawai’i system, which offers Hawaiian language courses. Consider taking a short introductory course or attending a language workshop. Many online resources are available, but be sure to use reputable sources that are developed by Hawaiian language experts.
FAQ Section
What is the best way to discover new Hawaiian music?
Check out local music festivals, concerts, and showcases. Explore online music platforms like Spotify or Apple Music for Hawaiian music playlists and new releases. Pay attention to the Nā Hōkū Hanohano Awards, the Hawaiian Music Awards, which celebrates the best in Hawaiian music each year.
Where can I find authentic Hawaiian music performances?
Look for cultural centers, community events, and smaller, more intimate venues. The Polynesian Cultural Center on O’ahu is a great option. Be wary of luaus that focus more on entertainment than substance. Do your research and read reviews before booking.
How can I learn to play the ukulele?
Many music stores in Hawai’i offer lessons. Consider visiting Kamaka Ukulele in Honolulu. Check out smaller, local shops for more affordable options and personalized instruction. Online resources like YouTube and dedicated ukulele learning sites are also great for beginners.
What is kaona?
Kaona refers to the hidden meanings or poetic subtext in Hawaiian song lyrics. Understanding kaona can add a whole new layer of appreciation to Hawaiian music. Many songs use metaphors and imagery to describe the natural world.
How can I be a responsible listener of Hawaiian music?
Be mindful of the cultural context and understand that these songs are often deeply personal and meaningful to the Hawaiian people. Do not treat the music as simply background noise. Support Hawaiian musicians by purchasing their music and attending their concerts. When you visit Hawai’i, be respectful of the local culture and traditions.
What are some good examples of Hapa Haole music?
Some popular examples include “Tiny Bubbles” and “Blue Hawai’i.” These songs often feature English lyrics mixed with Hawaiian phrases, and they were often written for tourists.
References
Kanaehuokekai Padeken, J. (2016). Mele oli: The role of Hawaiian chant in identity formation and maintenance. University of Hawai’i at Mānoa.
Tatar, E. (1979). Hula, Hawaiian music, and dance. Bishop Museum Press.
McGregor-Aal, D. (2009). Slack Key Guitar: Traditions and Techniques. Hal Leonard.
Rediscovering Hawaiian music is an ongoing journey of learning, appreciation, and respect. Whether you’re drawn to the ancient chants, the cheerful sounds of the ukulele, or the contemporary expressions of Hawaiian artists, there’s a place for you in the vibrant world of Hawaiian music. So, why not start now? Listen to a new song, explore a new artist, or even try learning a few basic ukulele chords. Immerse yourself in this beautiful sound, and you’ll discover a rich culture waiting to be explored. The beauty of the āina and the heart of the Hawaiian people are all woven into each beautiful note and lyric.
