Ohana, a concept far deeper than just blood relations, is the cornerstone of Hawaiian culture. It embodies a sense of belonging, mutual support, and shared responsibility that extends beyond the immediate family circle. This article delves into the profound meaning of ‘ohana, exploring its traditions, values, and influence on Hawaiian society.
What Exactly is ‘Ohana? The Heart of Hawaiian Life
At its simplest, ‘ohana translates to “family” in Hawaiian. However, this definition barely scratches the surface of its true significance. ‘Ohana encompasses not only blood relatives but also close friends, adopted individuals, and even communities. Think of it as an intricate web of interconnectedness, where each member plays a vital role in the well-being of the whole. It’s a system where everyone is responsible for each other, offering support in times of need and celebrating successes together. This isn’t just a feel-good sentiment; it’s a deeply ingrained social structure that shapes how Hawaiians interact with one another and the world.
The Roots of ‘Ohana: Tracing its Origins
The concept of ‘ohana is deeply rooted in the ancient Hawaiian worldview known as “Aloha ‘Āina,” meaning love of the land. In pre-contact Hawaii, land (‘āina) was the source of all life, and families (‘ohana) were responsible for its stewardship. The ‘āina sustained the ‘ohana, and the ‘ohana protected the ‘āina. This reciprocal relationship fostered a strong sense of unity and interdependence. Resource management was often communal, with families working together to cultivate crops, fish, and maintain irrigation systems. This collaborative approach reinforced the idea that everyone belonged and had a role to play in the collective prosperity of the ‘ohana and the community. The complex system of land division, known as the ahupua’a, further highlighted this interconnectedness. Each ahupua’a stretched from the mountains to the sea, providing access to a variety of resources and encouraging cooperation between families living in different ecological zones. This ensured that everyone had what they needed and further cemented the bonds of ‘ohana.
Key Values that Define ‘Ohana
Several core values underpin the concept of ‘ohana, shaping the behavior and interactions of its members. Understanding these values provides a deeper appreciation for the cultural importance of ‘ohana.
- Aloha (Love, Affection, Compassion): Aloha is more than just a greeting; it’s a way of life. It embodies unconditional love, respect, and compassion for all beings. Within the ‘ohana, aloha means accepting each member for who they are, flaws and all, and offering support without judgment.
- Lokahi (Unity, Harmony, Balance): Lokahi emphasizes the importance of maintaining harmony within the ‘ohana and with the natural world. It encourages members to work together, resolve conflicts peacefully, and strive for balance in all aspects of life.
- Kōkua (Help, Assistance, Cooperation): Kōkua is the spirit of selfless giving and helping others without expecting anything in return. Within the ‘ohana, kōkua means readily offering assistance to those in need, whether it’s helping with chores, providing emotional support, or sharing resources.
- Hana (Work, Craft, Duty): Hana emphasizes the importance of hard work, dedication, and fulfilling one’s responsibilities. Within the ‘ohana, hana means contributing to the collective well-being by performing one’s duties diligently and taking pride in one’s work.
- Ho’ohanohano (Respect, Dignity): Ho’ohanohano emphasizes treating everyone with respect and dignity, regardless of their age, status, or background. Within the ‘ohana, this means honoring elders, respecting differing opinions, and valuing each member’s contributions.
How ‘Ohana is Practiced in Daily Life
The principles of ‘ohana are actively practiced in various aspects of daily life in Hawaii. Here are some examples:
Extended family living: It’s common for multiple generations to live under one roof or in close proximity. This allows for grandparents to play an active role in raising grandchildren, sharing their wisdom and cultural knowledge.
Potlucks and shared meals: Sharing food is an integral part of Hawaiian culture, and potlucks (‘aha’aina) are a frequent occurrence. These gatherings provide an opportunity for families to come together, share a meal, and strengthen their bonds.
Caring for elders: Caring for elders is considered a sacred duty within the ‘ohana. It’s common for family members to provide care for their aging parents or grandparents, ensuring their comfort and well-being. Unlike some Western cultures, placing elders in nursing homes is often seen as a last resort.
Supporting each other through challenges: When faced with challenges, such as illness, job loss, or financial difficulties, ‘ohana members rally together to provide support. This may involve providing financial assistance, offering emotional support, or helping with childcare.
Passing down traditions: ‘Ohana plays a crucial role in preserving and transmitting Hawaiian culture and traditions to future generations. This may involve teaching children the Hawaiian language, hula, traditional crafts, or stories of their ancestors.
Celebrating life events together: From birthdays and graduations to weddings and funerals, life events are celebrated as a collective. These celebrations provide opportunities for families to come together, reaffirm their bonds, and honor their heritage. A luau, for example, is a traditional Hawaiian feast that often involves the entire ‘ohana and community.
The Importance of Elders (Kūpuna) in ‘Ohana
Elders, known as kūpuna, hold a place of honor and respect within the ‘ohana. They are considered the keepers of cultural knowledge and wisdom, and they play a vital role in guiding and mentoring younger generations. Their life experiences are highly valued, and their stories and traditions are passed down orally from one generation to the next. Kūpuna often serve as role models, teaching children about their history, values, and responsibilities. They also play a key role in resolving conflicts and making important decisions within the family. Caring for kūpuna is not seen as a burden but rather as an honor and a way to repay the love and guidance they have provided throughout their lives.
Adoption (Hānai): Expanding the Circle of ‘Ohana
Adoption, known as hānai, is an integral part of Hawaiian culture and further expands the concept of ‘ohana beyond blood ties. Hānai is a traditional custom where children are given to relatives or close friends to raise. This practice is not necessarily due to the biological parents being unable or unwilling to care for the child but rather a way of strengthening bonds within the ‘ohana, providing opportunities for children to learn from different family members, or ensuring the continuation of family lines. Hānai children are fully integrated into their adoptive families and are considered equal members of the ‘ohana. They inherit the same rights and responsibilities as biological children, and the relationship is considered a lifelong commitment. The practice of hānai emphasizes the importance of community and shared responsibility in raising children.
‘Ohana and the Modern World: Challenges and Adaptations
While the values of ‘ohana remain strong in Hawaiian culture, they face challenges in the modern world. Western influences, economic pressures, and urbanization have all impacted traditional family structures and practices. For example, the rising cost of living in Hawaii makes it difficult for multiple generations to live together, leading to increased separation of families. The demands of modern careers can also make it challenging for family members to dedicate time to caring for elders or participating in traditional activities. However, despite these challenges, Hawaiians are actively working to preserve and adapt the values of ‘ohana to the modern world. This includes promoting intergenerational programs, supporting cultural education initiatives, and finding innovative ways to strengthen family bonds in the face of adversity. For example, many families now use technology, such as video calls, to stay connected with relatives who live far away.
Experiencing ‘Ohana as a Visitor: Responsible Tourism
As a visitor to Hawaii, you can experience the spirit of ‘ohana by engaging with the local culture in a respectful and responsible way. Here are some tips:
Attend a luau: A luau is a great way to experience Hawaiian culture, food, and music. Many luaus are family-friendly and offer opportunities to learn about local traditions. However, be sure to choose a luau that is run by a local family or organization and that authentically represents Hawaiian culture. For example, the Old Lahaina Luau on Maui is known for its commitment to preserving Hawaiian traditions.
Support local businesses: By supporting local businesses, you are contributing to the economic well-being of the community and helping to preserve its unique character. Look for locally owned restaurants, shops, and tour operators.
Volunteer your time: Consider volunteering your time with a local organization that supports the community, such as a food bank, a beach cleanup, or a cultural preservation project.
Learn some basic Hawaiian phrases: Learning a few basic Hawaiian phrases, such as “aloha” (hello/love) and “mahalo” (thank you), shows respect for the local culture and can go a long way in building connections with locals.
Respect the elders: Always show respect for elders and listen to their stories. They are the keepers of cultural knowledge and wisdom.
Be mindful of the environment: Help to protect the natural environment by reducing your waste, conserving water, and respecting the local flora and fauna.
Engage in cultural activities: Participate in cultural activities, such as learning to dance hula, weaving a lei, or learning about traditional Hawaiian crafts. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu offers a wide range of exhibits and programs that explore Hawaiian history and culture.
Ask questions and be open to learning: Don’t be afraid to ask questions and be open to learning about Hawaiian culture. Most Hawaiians are happy to share their knowledge and traditions with visitors who are genuinely interested.
By traveling responsibly and engaging with the local culture with respect and openness, you can experience the true spirit of ‘ohana and contribute to the preservation of Hawaiian traditions.
Cost of Experiencing ‘Ohana-Related Activities
The cost of experiencing ‘ohana-related activities can vary widely depending on the specific activity and location. Here’s a general idea:
Luaus: Luaus can range in price from $100 to $200 per person, depending on the location and the inclusions (e.g., open bar, buffet, entertainment).
Cultural workshops: Cultural workshops, such as lei making or hula lessons, typically cost between $30 and $50 per person.
Museums and cultural centers: Admission to museums and cultural centers usually ranges from $20 to $30 per person.
Volunteering: Volunteering is often free, but some organizations may require a small donation to cover costs.
Supporting local businesses: The cost of supporting local businesses varies depending on what you purchase. Eating at a locally owned restaurant may cost around $20-$50 per person.
It’s important to research prices and book activities in advance, especially during peak season.
Where to Find ‘Ohana Experiences
You can find authentic ‘ohana experiences throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Here are some places to start:
Oahu: The Bishop Museum in Honolulu, the Polynesian Cultural Center in Laie, and various community centers offer cultural programs and events. You can also find family-run businesses and cultural tours in the historic town of Haleiwa.
Maui: The Old Lahaina Luau, the Maui Arts & Cultural Center, and various local farms and ranches offer opportunities to experience Hawaiian culture and connect with the community.
Kauai: The Kauai Museum, the Limahuli Garden and Preserve, and various family-owned businesses offer insights into Hawaiian history and culture.
Hawaii Island (Big Island): The Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, the Imiloa Astronomy Center, and various local coffee farms and macadamia nut farms offer unique cultural and natural experiences.
When planning your trip, be sure to check local event calendars and contact community organizations to find out about upcoming activities and festivals.
Practical Examples of ‘Ohana in Action
Here are a few real-world examples of how ‘ohana is practiced in Hawaii today:
A family on Oahu whose house was damaged in a storm received support from their extended ‘ohana, who helped them rebuild their home and provided them with food and shelter.
A group of friends on Maui organized a fundraiser to help a fellow community member who was battling cancer. They raised money to cover medical expenses and provided emotional support to the family.
A kumu hula (hula teacher) on Kauai teaches young people the art of hula, passing down traditional knowledge and values to future generations.
A family on Hawaii Island runs a small coffee farm, working together to cultivate the land and produce high-quality coffee. They share their coffee with their neighbors and offer tours to visitors, sharing their love of the land and their ‘ohana values.
A community center in Honolulu offers programs for seniors, providing them with opportunities to socialize, learn new skills, and stay active. These programs help to keep elders connected to their community and prevent social isolation.
The practice of giving lei (flower wreaths) as a sign of affection, respect and celebration (birthdays, graduations, weddings, funerals) is a visual reminder of aloha and interconnectedness.
A family that experienced job loss received support from their ‘ohana—housing, food, childcare—until they found new employment.
The culture emphasizes that it is a collective responsibility for members to care for each other during illness or difficulties.
FAQ Section
Here are some frequently asked questions about ‘Ohana:
What is the difference between ‘ohana and the nuclear family?
‘Ohana extends beyond the immediate blood relatives. It encompasses close friends, adopted individuals, and the wider community. The nuclear family typically refers to parents and their children.
How does ‘ohana influence child-rearing practices in Hawaii?
’Ohana-based child-rearing is more communal. Grandparents, aunts, and uncles play active roles in raising children, sharing responsibilities, and passing down cultural values.
Is ‘ohana only for people of Hawaiian descent?
While ‘ohana is rooted in Hawaiian culture, its principles of love, support, and community can be adopted by anyone, regardless of their ethnicity. You do not need to be of Hawaiian descent to embrace the spirit of ‘Ohana.
How can visitors respectfully engage with the concept of ‘ohana?
Visitors can practice aloha by being respectful, supporting local businesses, learning about Hawaiian culture, and showing genuine interest in the community.
What are some modern challenges to the ‘ohana structure in Hawaii?
Challenges include economic pressures, urbanization, Western influences, and the increasing cost of living, which can lead to family separation and strain traditional practices. But Hawaiians are working hard adapting ‘ohana to modern day in various innovative ways.
References
“The Value of Waikiki’s Kūpuna (Elders)” – HUI O HE’E NALU
“Modern Impacts On Indigenous People In Hawaii” – University of Hawaii at Hilo
“‘Ōiwi Perspectives in Education: The Role of the Kūpuna” – Kamehameha Schools
Embark on your own ‘ohana journey today! Embrace the spirit of love, unity, and shared responsibility. Whether you’re planning a trip to Hawaii or simply seeking to strengthen your own relationships, let the values of ‘ohana guide your way. Connect with your loved ones, offer support to those in need, and celebrate the beauty of human connection. You might consider volunteering with a local organization, learning about Hawaiian culture, or simply reaching out to a friend or family member you haven’t spoken to in a while. Every small act of kindness and connection contributes to the larger tapestry of ‘ohana. So, start weaving your own thread today and experience the profound joy and fulfillment that comes from belonging to something bigger than yourself. Aloha!
