Making leis isn’t just stringing flowers together; it’s a vibrant expression of Hawaiian culture, a tangible symbol of aloha, love, respect, and connection. It’s a craft passed down through generations, imbued with meaning and tradition that goes far beyond its beautiful appearance. This guide dives deep into the art of lei making, from understanding its significance to mastering the techniques and materials involved.
The Significance of Lei in Hawaiian Culture
Leis are much more than just pretty accessories in Hawaii. They are an integral part of almost every significant occasion, representing affection, honor, celebration, and even farewell. Their origins are tied to the natural abundance of the islands and the deep respect Hawaiians held for their environment. Ancient Hawaiians used leis as offerings to their gods and goddesses, selecting specific plants and flowers based on the deity’s preferences and the lei’s intended purpose. For example, yellow flowers might be used for deities associated with the sun.
Today, leis are given for birthdays, graduations, weddings, retirements, and welcoming or bidding farewell to visitors. The act of giving a lei is an embodiment of aloha, a warm expression of love and friendship. The type of lei given can also convey specific messages. A lei made of pikake flowers, for instance, is often associated with romance, while a lei of kukui nuts can represent enlightenment.
It’s crucial to understand the cultural weight carried by leis to approach lei making with respect and intention. When giving a lei, it is customary to gently place it around the recipient’s neck, offering a hug or kiss on the cheek. Removing a lei in front of the giver is considered impolite, as it implies rejection of their affection. If you must remove it, do so discreetly and with respect.
Types of Leis: A Floral Vocabulary
The world of leis is diverse, with different styles, materials, and techniques contributing to their unique character. Understanding the different types will help you appreciate the artistry involved and choose the right lei for the occasion.
Lei Kui: This is perhaps the most common type, made by stringing flowers, seeds, or other materials together using a needle and thread. Think of the classic plumeria lei – that’s a lei kui!
Lei Haku: Instead of stringing, the haku method involves braiding or weaving plant material, such as ferns or leaves, as a base. Flowers and other embellishments are then tied onto this base. These leis are often more elaborate and can last longer than lei kui. Haku leis are especially popular for headpieces, often referred to as lei po’o.
Lei Wili: Similar to haku, lei wili uses a twisting technique to attach flowers and foliage to a base of plant material. However, instead of braiding, the materials are wrapped around each other, creating a continuous spiral. Lei wili are known for their natural, flowing appearance.
Lei Humupapa: This method involves sewing flowers or foliage onto a backing material, such as felt or fabric. It’s a more time-consuming technique but allows for greater control over the design and can create intricate patterns.
Lei Hilo: This involves braiding strands of natural fibers, such as raffia or ti leaves, and then attaching flowers or other embellishments. Lei hilo are often used for leis that need to be durable or for incorporating larger or heavier materials.
The cost of leis can vary significantly depending on the type of lei, the materials used, and the availability of flowers. Simple lei kui made with readily available flowers like carnations might cost around $10-$20. More elaborate leis like lei haku or leis made with rare or imported flowers can cost upwards of $50-$100 or even more. During special occasions like graduations, prices often increase due to high demand.
Gathering Your Materials: From Garden to Lei
The heart of lei making lies in the materials you choose. Fresh flowers are the most common and cherished, but other natural elements like seeds, shells, leaves, and nuts can also be incorporated.
Flowers: Plumeria, orchids, carnations, tuberose, pikake (jasmine), and crown flower are popular choices. Consider the fragrance, color, and durability of the flowers when making your selection.
Leaves: Ti leaves, fern fronds, and maile leaves add texture and visual interest to leis. Maile is especially significant and is often used in leis for special occasions like weddings.
Seeds and Nuts: Kukui nuts, job’s tears, and various seeds can be strung together or incorporated into other lei styles for a unique look.
Shells: Tiny shells can be strung together to create delicate and elegant leis, often used for special events.
Where can you find these materials? If you live in Hawaii, you might have some of these plants growing in your own backyard! Otherwise, farmers’ markets are a great source for fresh, locally grown flowers. Florists and lei stands also offer a wide selection of materials. If you’re on a budget, consider growing your own flowers or foraging responsibly in your area (with permission, of course!). Remember to only take what you need and avoid harvesting endangered or protected species.
When gathering flowers, choose blooms that are fresh and vibrant, with minimal blemishes. Pick them early in the morning when they are most hydrated. Store them in a cool, dark place until you’re ready to use them. Some flowers, like orchids, can be stored in the refrigerator for several days to extend their freshness.
Lei Making Techniques: A Step-by-Step Guide
Now for the fun part – actually making the lei! Here’s a breakdown of the basic techniques for lei kui, the most accessible style for beginners:
1. Prepare Your Materials: Gather your flowers, needle, thread (strong cotton or nylon thread works best), scissors, and a ruler. Cut the thread to a length that’s comfortable to work with, typically about 3-4 feet. Thread the needle and tie a knot at the end.
2. Prepare the Flowers: Remove any excess leaves or stems from the flowers, leaving a small portion of the stem for threading. You can also use just the flower heads, depending on your preference. For flowers with thick stems, like carnations, you might need to pierce a small hole through the base of the flower to make it easier to thread.
3. Stringing the Flowers: Gently pierce the base of the first flower with the needle and thread. Slide the flower down the thread, leaving a small space between the knot and the flower. Continue adding flowers one by one, spacing them evenly along the thread. The density of the flowers will determine the overall look of the lei.
4. Creating the Lei Length: Keep adding flowers until the lei reaches your desired length. A standard lei is typically around 40 inches long, but you can adjust it to fit the recipient’s neck.
5. Finishing the Lei: Once the lei is the right length, carefully tie the two ends of the thread together with a secure knot. Trim any excess thread.
Tips for Success:
Use a sharp needle to make threading easier and prevent damaging the flowers.
Keep the thread taut but not too tight, as this can cause the flowers to break.
Alternate the colors and types of flowers for a more visually appealing lei.
Practice makes perfect! Don’t be discouraged if your first lei isn’t perfect. Keep experimenting and refining your technique.
You can purchase a lei-making starter kit from most craft stores or online for around $15-$30.
Lei Haku: A Braided Masterpiece
For a more advanced challenge, try your hand at lei haku. This technique requires more patience and skill, but the results are stunning.
1. Prepare the Base: Choose a pliable plant material like ferns or raffia to create the base of the lei. Braid or weave the material to create a sturdy foundation that is slightly shorter than your desired finished length.
2. Gather Flowers and Foliage: Select a variety of flowers, leaves, and other embellishments to adorn the lei. Cut the stems of the flowers to a length of about 1-2 inches.
3. Attach the Flowers: Using floral tape or a strong thread, carefully attach the flowers and foliage to the braided base. Start by attaching the larger elements and then fill in the gaps with smaller flowers and leaves. Overlap the flowers slightly to create a lush, full look.
4. Secure and Finish: Once all the flowers are attached, check for any gaps or loose ends. Secure any remaining flowers with additional tape or thread. To finish the lei, tie the two ends of the braided base together with a ribbon or piece of fabric.
Lei haku can take several hours to complete, depending on the complexity of the design. But the finished product is a true work of art and a testament to your lei making skills. Consider taking a lei-making class for personalized instruction and expert guidance. Many community centers and cultural organizations in Hawaii offer lei-making workshops.
Preserving Your Lei: Keeping the Aloha Alive
While fresh flower leis are meant to be enjoyed for a limited time, there are ways to extend their beauty and preserve the memories they represent.
Refrigeration: Store your lei in a sealed plastic bag in the refrigerator. This will help to slow down the wilting process and keep the flowers fresh for a few days.
Water Mist: Lightly mist the lei with water every day to keep the flowers hydrated.
Drying: Some flowers, like roses and strawflowers, can be dried to create a lasting keepsake. Hang the lei upside down in a dark, dry place until the flowers are completely dry.
Resin: For a more permanent preservation method, consider encasing the lei in resin. This will protect the flowers from damage and preserve their color and beauty for years to come. You can find resin kits at most craft stores.
Beyond Flowers: Alternative Lei Materials
While flowers are the most traditional material for leis, you can get creative and explore other options. Here are a few ideas:
Candy Leis: Popular for graduations and children’s parties, candy leis are made by wrapping individual candies in cellophane and stringing them together.
Money Leis: A practical and appreciated gift, money leis are made by folding dollar bills into decorative shapes and attaching them to a ribbon or lei base.
Feather Leis: Made from colorful bird feathers, feather leis are a striking and elegant option.
Seed Leis: Using a variety of seeds, like job’s tears and kukui nuts, seed leis offer a more rustic and natural look.
The possibilities are endless! Let your imagination guide you and experiment with different materials to create unique and personalized leis. Just remember to consider the cultural significance and appropriateness of the materials you choose.
The Aloha Spirit: Respect and Intention
As you embark on your lei making journey, remember that it’s more than just a craft; it’s a cultural tradition steeped in meaning and history. Approach lei making with respect, intention, and a spirit of aloha.
Consider the purpose of the lei and the message you want to convey. Choose your materials carefully and select colors and flowers that are meaningful to you and the recipient. As you create the lei, focus on positive thoughts and intentions, imbuing it with your love and aloha.
By understanding and honoring the cultural significance of leis, you can create not just beautiful adornments, but also meaningful expressions of aloha that will be cherished for years to come. And if you ever find yourself in Hawaii, be sure to visit the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Factory on the Big Island. While not directly related to leis, they often have beautiful displays and offer a taste of local culture and craftsmanship – a perfect complement to your lei-making experience.
Where to Buy Leis and Lei-Making Supplies
Whether you need to purchase a pre-made lei or want to gather supplies for your own creation, here are some recommended places:
Lei Stands at Airports: Honolulu International Airport (HNL) and other Hawaiian airports have lei stands where you can purchase fresh flower leis upon arrival or departure. These are convenient for welcoming visitors or taking a piece of Hawaii home with you.
Farmers’ Markets: Local farmers’ markets, such as the Honolulu Farmers’ Market at Blaisdell Center, offer fresh flowers and other lei-making materials directly from local growers.
Florists: Many florists throughout Hawaii specialize in leis and offer a wide selection of flowers, foliage, and other supplies.
Craft Stores: Stores like Ben Franklin Crafts and online retailers like Amazon carry lei-making supplies such as needles, thread, and artificial flowers.
Online Lei Shops: Several online shops specialize in selling fresh flower leis and ship them throughout the United States. Be sure to order in advance to ensure timely delivery.
Cost of Supplies:
Needle and thread: $5-$10
Flowers (depending on type and quantity): $10-$50
Ribbon or raffia: $5-$15
Floral tape: $3-$7
Scissors: $10-$20
Dos and Don’ts of Lei Giving
To ensure you give and receive leis with respect and cultural sensitivity, keep these dos and don’ts in mind:
Do: Present a lei with a smile and a warm greeting, expressing your aloha.
Do: Gently place the lei around the recipient’s neck, offering a hug or kiss on the cheek.
Do: Accept a lei graciously and wear it with pride.
Do: Remove a lei discreetly if necessary, and never in front of the giver.
Do: Handle leis with care and respect.
Don’t: Refuse a lei.
Don’t: Throw a lei away carelessly. If you need to dispose of it, consider returning it to nature by placing it on a grave, tree, or ocean.
Don’t: Wear a lei that you made for yourself. Leis are typically given as gifts.
Don’t: Place a lei on your head (unless it’s a lei po’o), as this is considered disrespectful.
Don’t: Give a closed lei to a pregnant woman, as this is considered bad luck. The lei should be open.
FAQ Section
What is the best type of flower to use for a lei?
There’s no single “best” flower, as it depends on personal preference, availability, and the occasion. Plumeria, orchids, carnations, and tuberose are popular choices due to their fragrance, color, and durability. Consider the symbolism associated with different flowers when making your selection.
How long will a fresh flower lei last?
The lifespan of a fresh flower lei depends on the type of flowers used and how it’s stored. Generally, leis can last for 1-3 days if kept refrigerated and lightly misted with water. Some flowers, like orchids, tend to last longer than others.
Can I ship a fresh flower lei?
Yes, you can ship fresh flower leis, but it’s important to choose a reputable company that specializes in shipping delicate items. Pack the lei carefully in a box with ice packs to keep it cool and fresh during transit. Expedited shipping is recommended to minimize the time in transit.
Is it appropriate to give a lei to someone I don’t know well?
Yes, it is generally appropriate to give a lei to someone you don’t know well, as it’s a gesture of welcome and aloha. However, consider the occasion and the context. For example, it might be more appropriate to give a simple carnation lei to a stranger than an elaborate lei made of rare flowers.
Are there any specific protocols for giving leis at a graduation ceremony?
Yes, at graduation ceremonies, it’s customary to give graduates multiple leis to celebrate their achievement. Family members and friends often pile leis onto the graduate’s neck, creating a colorful and fragrant display. Be mindful of the graduate’s comfort and avoid overwhelming them with too many leis at once. Check with the school or event organizers for any specific guidelines regarding lei giving.
References
‘Olu Pua Botanical Garden – History of Lei’
Amy Stillman (2005), “Animating Culture: Lei, Hula, and Hawaiian Identity in the Festival of Pacific Arts”
Hawaiian Lei Tradition to-hawaii.com
Ready to experience the magic of lei making for yourself? Gather your materials, choose your flowers, and let your creativity flow. Whether you’re crafting a simple lei kui or a more elaborate lei haku, remember to infuse your creation with the spirit of aloha. Share your handmade leis with friends and family, and spread the warmth and joy of Hawaiian culture. Start your journey today, and discover the beauty and meaning behind this timeless tradition!
