Lei Making 101: Crafting and Gifting with Intention in Hawaiian Culture

Lei making is a deeply ingrained tradition in Hawaiian culture, far beyond just stringing flowers together. It’s an act of love, respect, celebration, and remembrance, imbued with the spirit of aloha. Learning to craft and gift lei with intention is a journey into Hawaiian values and artistic expression.

The Significance of Lei in Hawaiian Culture

The lei, a garland or necklace, isn’t merely a decoration in Hawai’i. It’s a symbol of affection, honor, and welcome. It carries mana (spiritual power) and represents the connection between the giver and the receiver. The history of lei-making dates back centuries. Early Hawaiians used natural materials like shells, seeds, feathers, and vines to create lei, offering them to their gods and ali’i (chiefs). Over time, flowers, especially those easily grown in the islands, became more common. Today, lei are given for occasions ranging from birthdays and graduations to weddings and funerals.

Think of a lei as a tangible expression of aloha. When you give a lei, you’re offering more than just a beautiful object; you’re sharing a piece of your spirit. That’s why the intention behind the giving matters so much. Simply buying a lei at the airport and handing it over without thought misses the point entirely. A lei given with genuine love and appreciation, especially one you made yourself, carries far more weight.

Different types of lei carry slightly different meanings. For example, a lei pua kenikeni, with its fragrant, creamy blossoms, is often given as a sign of affection and appreciation. A lei ‘ilima, a delicate orange or yellow flower, was once reserved for royalty. A lei kukui nut signifies enlightenment and protection. Understanding these nuances adds depth to your lei-giving and receiving experience.

Gathering Your Materials: Respectfully Sourcing

The first step in lei making is gathering your materials. This isn’t just about running to the nearest flower shop; it’s an opportunity to connect with nature and acknowledge the source of your beauty. If you’re sourcing flowers from your own garden, do so with gratitude. Ask permission from the plants before you clip them, thanking them for their gift. If you’re buying from a florist, choose local and sustainable options whenever possible. Ask where the flowers come from and support businesses that respect the environment.

Classic lei making materials include:

• Flowers: Plumeria (melia), orchids, roses, carnations, pikake, pua kenikeni, tuberose.
• Greens: Maile, ferns, ti leaves.
• Other Natural Materials: Seashells, kukui nuts, seeds, feathers.
• Stringing Materials: Raffia, yarn, dental floss (unwaxed, unflavored), ribbon, embroidery thread, fishing line.
• Tools: Scissors or clippers, lei needle, a bowl of water.

Consider the lei’s purpose when you select your materials. For example, a lei for a graduate might incorporate school colors. A lei for a baby could feature soft, gentle flowers. A lei for someone recuperating from an illness could include fragrant flowers with known healing properties. Don’t be afraid to get creative and personalize your creations. As a tip, plumeria is best harvested just before it opens, so it lasts longer. Plumeria is also available in a wide range of colors, and fragrant.

Basic Lei Making Techniques: Haku, Kui, and Wili

There are several basic lei making techniques. Let’s explore the most common ones:

Kui (Sewn Lei)

Kui is the most common method, involving stringing flowers or other materials together using a needle and thread. To prepare the flowers, you can remove the stems and arrange them in a bowl of water to keep them fresh. Thread your needle with a length of string (raffia, floss, yarn, etc.) long enough for your desired lei length, leaving a tail of about 6 inches. Knot the other end securely. Gently pierce the center of each flower with the needle, sliding it down the string. You can string the flowers individually or cluster them together. Once you’ve reached your desired length, carefully tie the ends together, creating a circle. Don’t pull the knot too tight, as this can damage the flowers. Trim the excess string, leaving a small tail.

For a simple kui lei, try using plumeria. The blossoms are easy to string and have a wonderful fragrance. A good starting point is about 50 plumeria blossoms for a standard lei. Expect to take about one hour creating the lei from start to finish. Remember that the time will vary based on your speed.

Haku (Braided or Woven Lei)

Haku lei involves braiding or weaving flowers and greenery onto a backing material, such as raffia or ribbon. This technique creates a fuller, more textured lei. Start by preparing your base. You can purchase pre-made haku lei bases or create your own by braiding raffia or ribbon. Gather your flowers and greenery, trimming the stems to about 1-2 inches. Begin by attaching your first flower to the base using floral wire or thread. Then, carefully weave or braid the flowers and greenery onto the base, overlapping each piece slightly. Continue adding flowers and greenery until you’ve covered the entire base. Secure the ends with floral wire or thread. Haku lei can also be very elaborate with different types of backing materials (fabrics), flowers, and weaving techniques.

For your first haku lei, try using a simple raffia base and a mix of small orchids and ferns. This will give you a good feel for the weaving technique. The cost will vary based on access and location. An authentic haku lei is typically more expensive than other types of lei based on the time involved to create it.

Wili (Wound Lei)

Wili lei involves wrapping flowers and greenery around a central core of plant fiber, such as banana leaves or ti leaves. This technique creates a sturdy, long-lasting lei. Start by preparing your core. Roll a banana leaf or ti leaf into a tight cylinder and secure it with string. Gather your flowers and greenery, trimming the stems to about 1-2 inches. Begin by attaching your first flower to the core using floral tape or thread. Then, carefully wrap the flowers and greenery around the core, overlapping each piece slightly. Continue adding flowers and greenery until you’ve covered the entire core. Secure the ends with floral tape or thread.

For a wili lei, try using ti leaves as your core and a mix of small flowers and greenery like ferns. This will create a beautiful and fragrant lei.

Adding Intention to Your Lei Making

While the techniques are important, the intention behind your lei making is what truly elevates it from a craft to a cultural expression. As you gather your materials and create your lei, focus on the person who will receive it. Think about their qualities, their accomplishments, and your feelings for them. Infuse your lei with positivity, love, and aloha spirit.

Some ways to add intention include:

• Pule (Prayer): Recite a silent prayer or blessing as you work, asking for good things for the recipient.
• Mana’o (Thoughts): Focus your thoughts on the recipient, sending them love, gratitude, and well-wishes.
• Music: Listen to Hawaiian music that evokes feelings of aloha and joy, allowing the positive energy to infuse your creation.

Lei making can be a meditative practice. As you string the flowers or weave the greenery, allow yourself to be fully present in the moment. Let go of distractions and focus on the beauty of the natural materials and the love that you’re putting into your creation. The more intention you bring to the process, the more meaningful the lei will be for both you and the recipient.

The Art of Gifting a Lei: Protocol and Etiquette

The way you present a lei is just as important as the lei itself. It’s a gesture of respect and affection, so it should be done with care and consideration. First, always offer the lei with a smile and a warm greeting. Gently place the lei around the recipient’s neck, ensuring that it drapes evenly. It is tradition to kiss the recipient on the cheek (or offer a hug) while giving lei. When receiving a lei, be sure to express your gratitude. A simple “Mahalo!” (Thank you!) goes a long way. It’s considered polite to wear the lei immediately, unless there’s a specific reason not to (such as an allergy).

There are a few things to avoid when giving a lei:

• Never throw a lei around someone’s neck. This is considered disrespectful.
• Avoid giving closed lei (lei that are tied in a complete circle) to pregnant women. This is an old superstition believed to bring bad luck. Instead, offer an open lei.
• Don’t wear a lei that you intend to give away. This is considered bad form.
• Never refuse a lei unless you have a very good reason. Refusing a lei can be seen as a rejection of the giver’s affection.

If you’re unsure about the proper etiquette, it’s always best to err on the side of caution and be respectful. Watch how others give and receive lei and follow their lead. Most importantly, give from the heart, and your gesture will be appreciated.

Beyond Flowers: Lei Variations and Creative Expressions

While floral lei are the most common, there are many other types of lei that you can create. Here are a few ideas to spark your creativity:

• Shell Lei: String together small shells to create a beautiful and durable lei. These are often given as souvenirs and can last for many years.
• Seed Lei: Use seeds from native Hawaiian plants, such as kukui nuts or Job’s tears, to create a unique and textured lei. These lei often symbolize strength and resilience.
• Feather Lei: Carefully attach feathers to a braided base to create a stunning and luxurious lei. Feather lei were traditionally worn by ali’i (chiefs) and are considered a symbol of high status. Learning to properly harvest feathers in Hawaii is important as many native birds are protected.
• Candy Lei: String together candies, chocolates, or other sweets to create a fun and festive lei. These are popular with children and often given for graduations or birthdays.
• Money Lei: Fold dollar bills into decorative shapes and string them together to create a practical and impressive lei. These are often given for graduations or other special occasions.

Don’t be afraid to experiment with different materials and techniques to create your own unique lei. Let your imagination guide you and have fun with the process. Consider the recipient’s interests and personality when choosing your materials. A surfer might appreciate a lei made from seashells, while a gardener might love a lei made from seeds.

Lei Care and Preservation: Making Your Aloha Last

With proper care, your lei can last for several days, allowing the recipient to enjoy its beauty and fragrance for as long as possible. Here are a few tips for lei care and preservation:

• Refrigeration: Store your lei in a plastic bag in the refrigerator. This will help to keep the flowers fresh and prevent them from wilting.
• Water Mist: Lightly mist your lei with water every day to help keep the flowers hydrated. Be careful not to over-water it, as this can cause the flowers to rot.
• Gentle Handling: Handle your lei with care to avoid crushing or damaging the flowers.
• Avoid Direct Sunlight: Keep your lei out of direct sunlight, as this can cause the flowers to fade and dry out.
• Special Care for Fragile Flowers: Some flowers, like pikake, are more fragile than others. Handle these flowers with extra care and avoid touching them unnecessarily.

If you want to preserve your lei for longer, you can try drying it. Hang the lei upside down in a cool, dry place until the flowers are completely dry. Dried flowers will retain their shape and color, but they will lose their fragrance. You can also press flowers in a book to create a flat, preserved flower that can be used for crafts or artwork. Another option is to encapsulate the lei in resin to create a lasting keepsake.

The Economics of Lei: Supporting Local Businesses

The lei industry is an important part of the Hawaiian economy. By purchasing lei from local businesses, you’re supporting the local economy and helping to preserve Hawaiian culture. When buying lei, look for businesses that use locally grown flowers and sustainable practices. Ask the florist where their flowers come from and support those who prioritize ethical and environmental responsibility.

The cost of lei can vary depending on the type of flowers used, the complexity of the design, and the location where you purchase it. Simple lei made from common flowers like plumeria can cost as little as $5-10, while more elaborate lei made from rare or exotic flowers can cost hundreds of dollars. Haku lei, because of their intricate weaving and the time and work involved can cost $50-200. You can find lei at flower shops, farmers’ markets, and even some grocery stores. The best way to find the best deals is to shop around and compare prices. During graduation season, prices will increase due to supply and demand. It can be tempting to buy the cheapest lei available, but remember that you’re not just buying a product; you’re buying a piece of Hawaiian culture. By supporting local businesses that pay fair wages and use sustainable practices, you’re helping to ensure that the tradition of lei making continues for generations to come.

Lei as a Souvenir: Bringing Aloha Home

Bringing a lei home from Hawai’i can be a wonderful way to remember your vacation. However, it’s important to be aware of the potential impact on the environment before you do so. Some flowers and plants are considered invasive species and are prohibited from being transported across state lines. Before taking a lei home, check with the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to ensure that the flowers used in your lei are permitted. Some flowers may require inspection and certification before you can take them home.

Consider purchasing a lei made from seeds or shells, as these are less likely to be restricted. You can also purchase dried flower lei, which are safe to transport and can last for many years. If you do bring a fresh flower lei home, be sure to dispose of it properly. Do not discard it in natural areas, as this could introduce invasive species. Instead, compost it or dispose of it in the trash.

Learning from the Masters: Lei Making Workshops and Classes

If you’re interested in learning more about lei making, consider taking a workshop or class. Many local florists and cultural centers offer classes for beginners and experienced lei makers alike. These classes provide an opportunity to learn from the masters, practice different techniques, and create your own beautiful lei. You can often find workshops advertised on local websites, community bulletin boards, and social media. Some hotels and resorts also offer lei making classes as part of their guest activities.

During a workshop, you’ll typically learn about the history and significance of lei, the different types of lei making techniques, and the proper etiquette for giving and receiving lei. You’ll also receive hands-on instruction in creating your own lei. Most workshops provide all the necessary materials, including flowers, greenery, stringing materials, and tools. Be sure to wear comfortable clothing and shoes, as you’ll be standing and working for several hours.

Lei and the Next Generation: Passing on the Tradition

It’s crucial to keep traditions alive through younger generations. Passing on the art of lei making is a way to preserve Hawaiian culture and ensure that it continues to thrive. If you have children or grandchildren, consider teaching them how to make lei. Start with simple techniques, like stringing plumeria blossoms, and gradually introduce more complex techniques as they become more skilled. Share the stories and history behind lei, explaining its significance in Hawaiian culture. Encourage them to use their creativity to design their own unique lei. By teaching the next generation about lei making, you’re not only passing on a craft, but also a connection to Hawaiian heritage.

Lei in Modern Hawai’i: Keeping the Tradition Alive

Lei making remains an important part of modern Hawaiian culture. You’ll see lei being given and received at graduations, weddings, birthday parties, and other special occasions. Lei are also often given to visitors as a sign of welcome and aloha. Many local businesses continue to support the tradition by selling lei and offering lei making classes. You can also find lei being sold at farmers’ markets and community events.

Despite the changes that Hawai’i has undergone over the years, the spirit of aloha remains strong. Lei making is a tangible expression of that spirit, a way to connect with the past, celebrate the present, and share love and affection with others. By learning about the history and significance of lei, mastering the different lei making techniques, and gifting lei with intention, you can become a part of this beautiful tradition and help to keep it alive for generations to come.

The Lei: More Than Just Flowers

In closing, remember that a lei is more than just a string of flowers. It’s a symbol of aloha, a tangible expression of love, respect, and appreciation. When you give a lei, you’re not just giving a gift; you’re sharing a piece of your heart. Whether you buy a lei from a local florist or create your own, be sure to do so with intention and aloha spirit. The beauty and magic of lei lies not only in its appearance, but also in the mana that it carries.

The tradition of lei making is rich in culture and history to be shared with anyone. Consider planning a trip to learn lei making in the place of origin. Many workshops will provide the most authentic approach.

FAQ Section

What is the proper way to wear a lei?

The proper way to wear a lei is draped gently around the neck, allowing it to hang evenly in the front. Avoid twisting or knotting the lei. It’s also considered polite to wear the lei immediately after receiving it, unless there’s a specific reason not to.

Can I reuse a lei?

While it’s not traditional to reuse a lei, it’s perfectly acceptable to save it to admire it for as long as possible. You can dry it, press the flowers, or encapsulate it in resin to create a lasting keepsake. Be sure to dispose of the lei respectfully when you’re finished with it.

What do I do with a lei after I’m done wearing it?

The traditional way to dispose of a lei is to return it to nature. You can hang it on a tree, bury it in the ground, or scatter the petals in the ocean. This is a way of giving back to the earth from which the flowers came. Avoid throwing the lei in the trash, as this is considered disrespectful.

Is it okay to give a lei to someone who is sick or in the hospital?

Yes, it’s perfectly acceptable to give a lei to someone who is sick or in the hospital. In fact, it can be a thoughtful and uplifting gesture. Just be sure to choose flowers that are not too fragrant, as strong scents can be overwhelming for some people. Consider a lei made from ti leaves, which are believed to have healing properties.

Are there any flowers that are considered unlucky to use in lei?

While there are no specific flowers that are universally considered unlucky, some people avoid using certain flowers for specific occasions. For example, some people avoid using red flowers in lei for funerals, as red is associated with anger and passion. It’s always best to ask the recipient about their preferences and avoid using any flowers that they might find offensive or unlucky.

How long will a lei last?

The lifespan of a lei depends on the type of flowers used and the care that it receives. Lei made from sturdy flowers like plumeria or orchids can last for several days, while lei made from delicate flowers like pikake or tuberose may only last for a day or two. Refrigerating the lei and misting it with water can help to prolong its lifespan.

Where can I find lei making material in Hawaii?

Finding materials such as flowers can be found in stores across the island.

• Flower Shops: Many florists in Hawaii, particularly on islands like Oahu and Maui, carry a wide assortment of fresh flowers suitable for lei making. Shop around to compare prices.
• Farmers Markets: At farmers markets, local growers often sell fresh flowers, greenery, and other natural materials needed for lei making. It’s a great way to support local farmers while sourcing fresh and unique materials.
• Grocery Stores: Many grocery stores in Hawaii, especially those with a floral department, offer a selection of flowers suitable for lei making. The selection varies based on delivery and store preferences.
• Online Retailers: As a great option, consider purchasing online before travel with local shippers

References

“Lei: The Art of Hawaiian Lei Making” by Paul Wood
“Hawaiian Lei Making: Step-by-Step Guide” by Laurie Ide
University of Hawai’i at M&257;noa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Publications
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Archives

Ready to experience the beauty and meaning of lei making for yourself? Find a local floral shop that sells flowers grown in Hawaii and get started with the Kui ( Sewn Lei) method. Start creating Aloha for yourself and others.