Honoring the Gods During Makahiki Festivals

The Makahiki festival, spanning roughly four lunar months, isn’t just a celebration; it’s a sacred period dedicated to honoring Lono, the Hawaiian god of peace, agriculture, and fertility. During this time, war and unnecessary work were kapu (forbidden), allowing the land and its people to revitalize and give thanks for the bounty provided. From elaborate ceremonies to offerings and games, every aspect of Makahiki focused on acknowledging and appeasing the gods to ensure continued prosperity.

Understanding the Significance of Lono

Lono isn’t just another deity in the Hawaiian pantheon. He embodies the life-giving forces of nature, particularly the cycles of growth and renewal. Think of him as the embodiment of the earth’s fertility – he ensures that crops are plentiful and that the land remains vibrant. The Makahiki season is specifically dedicated to him as a way to thank him for the past year’s blessings and to ask for continued abundance in the coming year. The Kumulipo, the Hawaiian creation chant, speaks of Lono’s crucial role in bringing forth life and sustenance, solidifying his importance in Hawaiian cosmology.

The Arrival of Lono: The Akua Loa

The official start of Makahiki was marked by the arrival of the Akua Loa, Lono’s representative on Earth. This wasn’t a person, but rather a long pole adorned with symbols of Lono and various offerings like feathers, tapa cloth, and food. The Akua Loa was carried around the island, clockwise, following the sun’s path, symbolizing the life-giving energy of Lono spreading across the land. During its journey, the Akua Loa would visit different ahupua’a (land divisions), and the konohiki (land managers) of each ahupua’a would present offerings of goods and valuables. This was a tangible expression of gratitude for the land’s productivity.

Offerings to Lono: A Show of Gratitude

Offerings were a central part of honoring Lono during Makahiki. These weren’t haphazard gifts; they were carefully selected to represent the bounty of the land and sea. Imagine piles of sweet potatoes, taro, bananas, coconuts, fish, and other delicacies, all meticulously arranged. These offerings were presented at the ahu (altars) and heiau (temples) throughout the islands. The purpose was twofold: to acknowledge Lono’s role in providing these resources and to ensure his continued favor.

Sometimes, the offerings weren’t just food. Finely crafted items like tapa cloth, woven mats, and even intricately carved wooden objects were also presented. These represented the skill and artistry of the Hawaiian people and demonstrated the value they placed on honoring their god. Even the seeds from the harvest were given as offerings; this act was a form of insurance for the coming year’s prosperity.

The Huihui: A Symbolic Tax

Think of the Huihui as a symbolic tax paid to the ali’i (chiefs) and ultimately to Lono. Each ahupua’a would gather the best of their resources – food, tools, and handcrafted items – and present them to the ali’i’s representatives. The ali’i, believed to be descended from the gods, would then redistribute some of these goods back to the people, ensuring that everyone had enough to thrive during the Makahiki season. This system also reinforced the social structure and the ali’i’s role as stewards of the land. The tradition also demonstrated the collective responsibility towards maintaining abundance and harmony. In modern terms, it reflects resource management and community welfare rolled into one.

The Games of Makahiki: More Than Just Fun

While the Makahiki season was a time for reverence and offerings, it was also a time for celebration and recreation. The games played during Makahiki weren’t just for entertainment; they had a deeper purpose. They served as a way to hone physical skills, test strength and agility, and maintain the overall health and well-being of the community. They can also be seen as an offering of the people’s vitality and physical prowess to Lono.

The Significance of ‘O’o Ihe (Spear Throwing)

‘O’o Ihe, or spear throwing, was a popular Makahiki game. It wasn’t just about accuracy; it was also about skill, strength, and the ability to anticipate the target’s movement. Men would compete to see who could throw their spear the farthest and most accurately into a target made of banana logs. Successful spear throwers were highly regarded for their prowess. Interestingly, this game also served as a subtle form of military training, keeping the warriors sharp even during the peaceful Makahiki season. The ability to accurately throw a spear was vital in both hunting and warfare.

Haka Moa (Chicken Pulling): A Test of Strength and Agility

Imagine a group of men, each with one leg tied to a post, attempting to pull a chicken buried in the ground. That’s Haka Moa, or chicken pulling. This game was a true test of strength, agility, and endurance. It required strategy and quick reflexes as participants tried to outmaneuver their opponents and claim the chicken as their prize. The laughter and cheering that accompanied this game created a lively atmosphere of friendly competition. Games like this were integral in maintaining the physical fitness of the community and fostering camaraderie.

Pā Uma (Standing Arm Wrestling): A Battle of Endurance

More than just brute strength, Pā Uma, or standing arm wrestling, required incredible stamina and mental fortitude. Two opponents would stand opposite each other, gripping hands, and try to force the other off balance. The key was to maintain a steady stance and wear down the opponent. This game mirrored real-life challenges, teaching participants about perseverance and the importance of mental resilience. It also served as a reminder that even in life’s struggles, maintaining composure is crucial.

He’e Hōlua (Sledding): A Thrilling Descent

Imagine plummeting down a steep, rocky slope on a narrow wooden sled. That’s He’e Hōlua, or sledding. This wasn’t your average winter pastime. The sleds, known as Hōlua, were specially crafted and the courses meticulously prepared. Skilled sledders could reach incredible speeds, making the sport both exhilarating and dangerous. He’e Hōlua was often linked to the ali’i, who sometimes used the sport to demonstrate their power and control over the land. The event may have also been used for divination, as the success of the ride was seen as a sign from the gods.

The End of Makahiki: Releasing Lono

Just as the arrival of the Akua Loa signaled the beginning of Makahiki, its departure marked the end. After four months of peace, offerings, and games, the Akua Loa was dismantled and its components dispersed. This symbolized the release of Lono’s energy back into the land, preparing it for the return of Ku, the god of war, and the resumption of normal activities. The end of Makahiki was not a somber affair, but rather a celebration of the abundance and rejuvenation that the season had brought.

The Symbolic Voyage: Releasing the Wa’a ‘Auamo

A critical aspect of the end of the Makahiki festival was the release of a canoe called the Wa’a ‘Auamo, loaded with offerings, out to sea. This canoe symbolically carried Lono away from the islands, back to his celestial home. In some variations of the tradition, the canoe was set adrift, while in others, it was burned. This ritual was a powerful visual representation of the end of the season and the preparation for a return to ordinary life filled with work and potentially, war.

The Unrolling of the Kapa: A Symbol of Renewal

Another important tradition marking the end of Makahiki was the unrolling of a long piece of tapa (barkcloth). This kapa cloth, sometimes stretching for hundreds of feet, represented the abundance and prosperity of the Makahiki season. The unrolling of the kapa was a visual spectacle, symbolizing the release of the season’s blessings back to the people. It was a tangible way of saying goodbye to Lono and welcoming back Ku. This act signified a fresh start and the potential for renewed growth and success in the coming year.

Modern Makahiki: Keeping the Traditions Alive

While the traditional Makahiki practices have evolved over time, efforts are still being made to keep the spirit of the festival alive. Many communities across Hawaii continue to celebrate Makahiki with traditional practices, including ceremonies, games, and offerings. These celebrations serve as a way to connect with the past, honor the ancestors, and promote the values of peace, abundance, and community. It ensures the values are passed down to future generations.

Experiencing Makahiki Today: Where to Go

If you’re interested in experiencing Makahiki firsthand, there are a few places in Hawaii where you can observe or even participate in the celebrations. The Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park on the Big Island often hosts Makahiki events, complete with traditional games and cultural demonstrations. Keep an eye on their website National Park Service for scheduled activities. Additionally, the Polynesian Cultural Center on O’ahu also showcases aspects of Makahiki during certain times of the year. Check their schedule Polynesian Cultural Center to see if they have Makahiki-related programs during your visit. Many local hālau hula (hula schools) and community organizations also host smaller, more intimate Makahiki celebrations. Look for announcements in local newspapers or online community calendars.

Respecting the Traditions: Dos and Don’ts

When participating in or observing Makahiki celebrations, it’s important to be respectful of the traditions and customs. Dress modestly, avoid loud or disruptive behavior, and listen attentively to the explanations provided by cultural practitioners. If you’re invited to participate in a ceremony or offering, follow the instructions carefully and offer your contributions with a sincere heart. Most importantly, remember that Makahiki is a sacred time, and treat it with the reverence it deserves. Ask permission before taking photos or videos, and be mindful of your impact on the environment. Simple acts of respect will go a long way in ensuring that these traditions continue to thrive for generations to come.

Integrating Makahiki Values into Daily Life

Even if you can’t travel to Hawaii during Makahiki, you can still integrate the values of the festival into your daily life. Embrace the spirit of gratitude by taking time to appreciate the blessings in your life. Practice sustainable living by reducing your consumption and respecting the environment. Foster a sense of community by volunteering your time or supporting local businesses. And most importantly, cultivate inner peace by practicing mindfulness and seeking harmony in your relationships. By embracing the spirit of Lono, you can bring the essence of Makahiki into your life year-round.

FAQ Section

What does “Makahiki” mean?

The word “Makahiki” refers to both the Hawaiian New Year celebration and the four-month season of peace and prosperity dedicated to the god Lono.

When does Makahiki typically take place?

Makahiki usually begins around mid-October or November and lasts for approximately four lunar months, ending in February or March. The exact dates vary each year based on the lunar calendar.

Is it okay for tourists to participate in Makahiki celebrations?

Yes, tourists are generally welcome to observe and participate in Makahiki celebrations, but it’s crucial to do so with respect and sensitivity. Learn about the traditions, dress appropriately, and follow the guidance of cultural practitioners.

What kind of offerings are traditionally given during Makahiki?

Traditional offerings include food (taro, sweet potatoes, fruit, fish), finely crafted items (tapa cloth, woven mats), and symbolic gifts that represent the bounty of the land and sea. The offerings are a symbol of gratitude towards Lono.

Are the games of Makahiki still played today?

Yes, many of the traditional Makahiki games are still played during modern celebrations. These games, such as spear throwing, arm wrestling, and chicken pulling, are a fun and engaging way to connect with Hawaiian culture.

References

Barrère, Dorothy B. “The History of the Hula as Related to Hawaiian Society.” Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 30 (1969).

Kamakau, Samuel M. Ka Poʻe Kahiko: The People of Old. Bishop Museum Press, 1992.

Malo, David. Hawaiian Antiquities. Bishop Museum Press, 1951.

McGregor, Davianna Pōmaikaʻi. Nā Kuaʻāina: Living Hawaiian Culture. University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2007.

Ready to embrace the spirit of Makahiki? Start by practicing gratitude in your daily life, showing respect for nature, and fostering a sense of community. Whether you’re in Hawaii or anywhere else in the world, you can integrate the values of Makahiki into your life and contribute to a more peaceful and abundant world. Share this article with your friends, family, and colleagues to spread the aloha spirit and inspire others to honor the legacy of Lono.