Heiau, the ancient Hawaiian temples, are more than just stone structures; they are powerful repositories of Hawaiian history, spirituality, and social order. These sacred sites served as vital centers for religious ceremonies, political decision-making, and the perpetuation of Hawaiian culture. Understanding heiau unlocks a deeper appreciation for the complexities and resilience of the Hawaiian people. Let’s embark on a journey to explore their significance and what they represent today.
What Exactly is a Heiau?
The word “heiau” refers to a Hawaiian temple or sacred site. These structures varied considerably in size, design, and purpose, reflecting the diverse needs and beliefs of the communities who built and maintained them. While some heiau were simple platforms of stacked stones, others were enormous, complex complexes enclosed by walls and featuring multiple structures. Think of them not just as places of worship, but as community centers, observatories, and even political powerhouses all rolled into one. The construction and maintenance of a heiau was a monumental undertaking, requiring substantial resources and the coordinated effort of the entire community, illustrating the heiau’s central role in Hawaiian society.
Different Types of Heiau and Their Functions
Not all heiau were created equal! They served different purposes, each with its corresponding architectural style and rituals. Here are a few of the most significant types:
Luakini Heiau: These were the most sacred and imposing heiau, dedicated to the war god Kū. Human sacrifices were sometimes conducted here to ensure success in battle and maintain the king’s power (mana). Luakini heiau were reserved for the aliʻi (ruling class) and priests, and their construction and rituals were shrouded in secrecy. An example includes Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site, which Kamehameha I dedicated to Kū to aid in his conquest to unite the islands.
Māpele Heiau: These were agricultural heiau dedicated to Lono, the god of fertility and peace. Offerings of fruits, vegetables, and other agricultural products were made to ensure bountiful harvests. Ceremonies at māpele heiau were often elaborate and involved feasting, dancing, and games. These heiau were essential for maintaining food security and overall well-being of the community. An agricultural heiau can be conceptually linked to the ancient greek festival of fertility and wine, Dionysia in Greece.
Pōhaku o Kane Heiau: These were simpler heiau, often marked by a single upright stone (pōhaku) dedicated to Kane, the god of creation and life. They served as places for personal prayer and reflection and were accessible to people of all social classes. Kane was considered the source of all life, and these heiau provided a direct connection to this divine power. The stone was considered a vessel or a channel through which prayers and blessings could be transmitted.
Hale o Papa Heiau: These were dedicated to female deities, particularly Papa, the earth mother. Women played a vital role in the rituals performed at these heiau, which were often associated with fertility, childbirth, and the well-being of women in the community. Imagine hale o papa as a sanctuary that catered to the specific spiritual needs and roles of women.
Lapaʻau Heiau: These were healing heiau, dedicated to deities associated with medicine and health. Kahuna Lapaʻau (traditional healers) would perform rituals and administer herbal remedies to cure illnesses. These heiau served as important centers for healthcare in ancient Hawaiʻi. The integration of both spiritual and physical healing practices reflects a holistic approach to well-being.
What to Expect When Visiting a Heiau Today
Visiting a heiau is a powerful experience, but it’s important to do so with respect and understanding. Here’s what to keep in mind:
Respect the Sacredness: Heiau are considered sacred sites, even in their present state. Speak quietly, avoid climbing on the walls or structures, and refrain from any disruptive behavior. Entering the structure itself may be prohibited, look for signs or ask a site guide when available.
Dress Appropriately: Wear modest clothing. Avoid overly revealing outfits or clothing with offensive imagery.
Learn About the History: Gain an understanding of the heiau’s history and significance before you visit. Many sites have interpretive signs or guided tours that can provide valuable insights. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu offers extensive information regarding heiau sites throughout the island chain.
Make an Offering (Optional): It is a traditional sign of respect to leave a small offering (hoʻokupu) such as a lei, a flower, or a small stone. Place your offering respectfully and unobtrusively.
Take Your Time: Allow yourself ample time to explore the site and reflect on its history and significance. These are not places to rush through; take a moment to connect with the land and the spirits of the past.
Photography: Ask permission before taking photographs, especially if you are planning to photograph any ceremonies or cultural practices. Some sites may have restrictions on photography.
Examples of Heiau You Can Visit
Here are a few heiau that are open to the public and offer a glimpse into Hawaiʻi’s rich cultural heritage:
Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site (Big Island): Located near Kawaihae Harbor, this massive heiau was built by Kamehameha I and is a powerful reminder of his ambition and military prowess. You can walk around the heiau and learn about its history through interpretive signs and ranger-led programs. The park is free to enter. Check the National Park Service website for directions and operating hours. Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site.
‘Iolani Luakini Heiau (Oahu): Situated within the ‘Iolani Palace grounds in downtown Honolulu, this heiau holds deep historical and spiritual meaning that predates the palace itself. Only the foundation remains, although the heiau plays an important part in the site’s ancient history. It is believed to have been built in the 15th century.
Ulupō Heiau State Historic Site (Oahu): Located in Kailua, this impressive heiau offers stunning views of the surrounding area. It is believed to have been built by the Menehune, a legendary race of small people said to have inhabited Hawaiʻi before the arrival of the Polynesians. Ulupō Heiau has faced impacts from erosion. According to information from the Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, a project has been developed to help protect the state historic site. Ulupō Heiau State Historic Site.
Piʻilanihale Heiau (Maui): This is believed to be the largest heiau in Polynesia. It spans nearly three-acres and is located near Hana. The temple is located on private property, but can be viewed from the road.
Kaneaki Heiau (Oahu): Nestled in the lush Makaha Valley, Kaneaki Heiau is a meticulously restored agricultural temple dedicated to the god Lono. The heiau’s architecture is visually striking, providing visitors with an intimate glimpse into traditional Hawaiian farming practices and religious life. It’s a great example of a māpele heiau.
Practical Tips for Visiting Heiau:
Check Operating Hours: Many heiau are located within state or national parks, which may have specific operating hours. Check the park’s website before you go.
Wear Comfortable Shoes: You’ll likely be doing a lot of walking, so wear comfortable shoes that are suitable for uneven terrain.
Bring Water: Stay hydrated, especially if you’re visiting a heiau in a hot or sunny location.
Sunscreen and Insect Repellent: Protect yourself from the sun and mosquitoes.
Hire a Local Guide: Consider hiring a local guide who can provide you with a deeper understanding of the heiau’s history and significance.
Respect Private Property: Some heiau are located on private property. Be sure to obtain permission before entering. If you’re unsure, it’s best to admire the site from a distance.
The Significance of Heiau in Modern Hawaiʻi
Heiau are not just relics of the past; they hold great significance for modern Hawaiians. They serve as reminders of their ancestors’ ingenuity, spirituality, and cultural identity. They are places where cultural practices are revived and perpetuated, and where people can connect with their heritage. For many Native Hawaiians, heiau are still considered sacred sites where they can communicate with their ancestors and seek guidance from the gods.
Moreover, the preservation and restoration of heiau is a crucial part of the Hawaiian cultural revival movement. Efforts are underway to protect these sites from erosion, development, and vandalism, and to educate the public about their importance. By visiting heiau respectfully and thoughtfully, supporting preservation efforts, and learning about Hawaiian history and culture, you can contribute to the ongoing vitality of these sacred places.
Challenges Faced by Heiau Today
Heiau face numerous challenges today that threaten their preservation and cultural significance:
Erosion and Natural Disasters: Many heiau are located near coastlines or on exposed hillsides, making them vulnerable to erosion from wind, rain, and waves. Sea level rise and more frequent and intense storms exacerbate this problem.
Development and Vandalism: Heiau are sometimes threatened by development projects, such as hotels, resorts, and residential subdivisions. Vandalism and looting can also damage these sites and rob them of their cultural value.
Lack of Funding: The preservation and restoration of heiau requires significant financial resources, which are often scarce. This can limit the ability to protect these sites from damage and to provide adequate education and interpretation for visitors.
Disrespectful Behavior: As mentioned earlier, visitors who are unaware of the sacredness of heiau may engage in disrespectful behavior, such as climbing on the walls, littering, or making excessive noise. This can damage the sites and offend Native Hawaiians.
Recognizing these challenges is the first step in creating solutions and helping preserve these sites for future generations. Several organizations, including the State Historic Preservation Division and various community groups, are dedicated to protecting and restoring heiau. You can support their work by donating your time or money, or by simply spreading awareness about the importance of these sites.
FAQ Section
Here are some frequently asked questions about Heiau:
Are heiau still used for religious ceremonies today?
Yes, in some cases. While traditional religious practices were suppressed for a time, there has been a resurgence of interest in Hawaiian spirituality and cultural traditions. Some heiau are now being used for ceremonies, educational programs, and cultural events. These ceremonies are typically conducted by trained practitioners and are intended to honor the gods and ancestors and to promote healing and well-being.
Can anyone visit a heiau?
Most heiau that are located within state or national parks are open to the public. However, it is important to check the park’s website for specific hours of operation and any restrictions on access. Some heiau are located on private property and may not be accessible to the public. Always respect private property rights and ask for permission before entering a heiau on private land.
What is the significance of the stones used to build heiau?
The stones used to build heiau were carefully selected and were believed to possess mana (spiritual power). The stones were often transported from great distances, sometimes requiring the coordinated effort of hundreds of people. The placement of the stones was also carefully planned, according to specific astronomical alignments and symbolic considerations. These stones would remain standing for hundreds of years.
What is the role of the Kahuna in relation to heiau?
Kahuna (priests, experts) played a vital role in the construction, maintenance, and use of heiau. They were responsible for conducting ceremonies, interpreting omens, and ensuring that the heiau was kept in a state of purity and sanctity. Kahuna possessed specialized knowledge of the gods, the rituals, and the natural world, and they served as intermediaries between the human and divine realms. Their presence and guidance were essential for the proper functioning of the heiau.
Are there any heiau that are considered particularly important or significant?
Yes, there are many heiau that are considered particularly important or significant. Puʻukoholā Heiau, as mentioned earlier, is significant due to its association with Kamehameha I and his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands. Ulupō Heiau is significant because of its association with the Menehune and its strategic location overlooking Kailua Bay. Each Heiau has it’s own story, making them all unique.
References
Kirch, P. V. (2010). How chiefs became kings: Divine kingship and social evolution on the Hawaiian Islands. University of California Press.
Kamakau, S. M. (1976). The works of the people of old: Na hana a ka poʻe kahiko. Bishop Museum Press.
Malo, D. (1951). Hawaiian antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii). Bishop Museum Press.
National Park Service. (n.d.). Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/puhe/index.htm
DLNR (n.d.). Ulupo Heiau State Historic Site. Retrieved from https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dsp/parks/oahu/ulupo-heiau-state-historic-site/
Ready to experience the profound cultural significance of heiau for yourself? Plan your visit to one of these sacred sites. Remember to approach with respect, learn about its history, and contribute to the preservation of these invaluable treasures. By embracing the spirit of aloha and honoring the past, we can ensure that the legacy of heiau continues to inspire generations to come. Go forth and discover the mana within these ancient stones!
