The Hawaiian language, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi, faced near extinction after the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893 and subsequent bans on its use in schools and government. However, a dedicated revival movement, fueled by the passion and determination of native speakers and cultural advocates, has brought the language back from the brink, ensuring its survival for future generations. This article explores the multifaceted efforts driving the Hawaiian language revival, highlighting the challenges, successes, and ongoing initiatives crucial to preserving this cultural treasure.
The Suppression and Near Demise of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
The story of the Hawaiian language is deeply intertwined with the history of the Hawaiian Islands. For centuries, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi thrived as the primary means of communication, shaping the islands’ culture, traditions, and worldview. The arrival of Western missionaries and traders in the late 18th and early 19th centuries brought about significant changes, but the language remained strong, even becoming the language of instruction in schools and government. However, the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893 marked a turning point.
Following the annexation of Hawaiʻi by the United States, English was imposed as the language of instruction in schools. Children were actively discouraged, and even punished, for speaking ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi. This policy, coupled with the increasing dominance of English in commerce and government, led to a rapid decline in the number of native speakers. By the mid-20th century, the language was on the verge of extinction, with only a small population of elderly native speakers remaining, mostly on the island of Niʻihau, where ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi remained the primary language.
The Birth of a Revival: A Cultural Awakening
The 1970s witnessed a cultural renaissance in Hawaiʻi, as Native Hawaiians began to reclaim their heritage and fight for their rights. A key element of this movement was the revitalization of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi. This was not simply about learning a language; it was about reclaiming a cultural identity, restoring a connection to the past, and empowering future generations.
Key figures like Larry Kimura, a professor at the University of Hawaiʻi, played a pivotal role in laying the intellectual and pedagogical groundwork for the revival. He, alongside others, advocated for the establishment of Hawaiian language immersion programs, recognizing that immersion was the most effective way to create new generations of fluent speakers. The ‘Aha Pūnana Leo movement was vital in this aspect.
‘Aha Pūnana Leo: Immersing Children in Language
The birth of the ‘Aha Pūnana Leo (Language Nests) movement in 1983 was a turning point in Hawaiian language revitalization. These preschools, founded by passionate educators and community members, provided a fully immersive Hawaiian language environment for young children. The children were taught entirely in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi, learning everything from basic vocabulary to traditional songs and stories. This immersive approach proved highly effective in nurturing fluency and a deep appreciation for the language and culture.
The ‘Aha Pūnana Leo programs are not just language schools; they are cultural centers that instill in children a sense of identity and pride in their heritage. The success of the preschools led to the establishment of Hawaiian language immersion schools at the elementary, middle, and high school levels, creating a pathway for students to continue their education in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi throughout their academic careers. Resources and further information can be found on the official ‘Aha Pūnana Leo website.
Kula Kaiapuni: Hawaiian Language Immersion Schools
The Kula Kaiapuni, or Hawaiian language immersion schools, represent a significant achievement in the revitalization movement. These schools, part of the public school system, offer a complete curriculum taught entirely in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi. From mathematics and science to history and literature, students learn all subjects through the medium of the Hawaiian language. This approach has not only produced fluent speakers but also fostered a deeper understanding of Hawaiian culture and perspectives.
The development of curriculum materials in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi was a major undertaking. Educators worked tirelessly to translate existing materials and create new resources that reflected the unique cultural context of Hawaiʻi. The success of the Kula Kaiapuni has demonstrated that it is possible to provide a high-quality education in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi while also preparing students for success in the wider world. To find a Kula Kaiapuni you can start by searching the Hawaii Department of Education website.
University Programs: Cultivating Language Professionals
The University of Hawaiʻi has played a crucial role in the Hawaiian language revival by offering a range of programs designed to train language teachers, researchers, and cultural practitioners. The university’s Hawaiian language department offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi, preparing students for careers in education, translation, and cultural preservation.
One of the most significant contributions of the University of Hawaiʻi is the establishment of the Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani College of Hawaiian Language at the Hilo campus. This college is dedicated to the preservation, promotion, and revitalization of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi. It offers a doctoral program in Hawaiian and Indigenous Language and Culture Revitalization, training future leaders in the field of language revitalization. The college is located at 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720. You can visit their website to lean more: Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani
Technology and Media: Expanding the Reach of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
The digital age has provided new opportunities to promote and preserve ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi. Online dictionaries, language learning apps, and social media platforms have made it easier for people to learn and practice the language. The development of Hawaiian language keyboards and fonts has also facilitated the use of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi in digital communication.
Hawaiian language radio stations and television programs play an important role in reaching a wider audience. These programs showcase Hawaiian music, culture, and language, helping to normalize the use of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi in everyday life. The creation of Hawaiian language films and documentaries has also contributed to raising awareness and appreciation for the language and culture. For example, you can find Hawaiian music stations online and even on apps like Spotify.
Challenges and Obstacles: A Continuing Struggle
Despite the significant progress made in recent decades, the Hawaiian language revival still faces numerous challenges. The number of fluent speakers remains relatively small, and the language is still not widely used in many areas of society. Funding for language programs is often limited, and there is a need for more qualified teachers and curriculum materials.
One of the biggest challenges is the dominance of English in Hawaiʻi. English is the language of commerce, government, and education, and it is often seen as the language of opportunity. Overcoming this linguistic hegemony requires a sustained effort to promote the value and importance of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi in all aspects of life. Another challenge is the constant need to adapt the language to modern technology and concepts, ensuring it remains relevant and useful in the 21st century.
Community Involvement: The Heart of the Revival
The Hawaiian language revival is not just a government program or an academic endeavor; it is a community-driven movement. Native speakers, cultural practitioners, and community members are the heart and soul of the revival. They volunteer their time, share their knowledge, and advocate for the language and culture. The success of the revival depends on the continued involvement and commitment of the community.
Community-based language nests, cultural workshops, and language learning groups provide opportunities for people of all ages to learn and practice ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi. These activities create a sense of community and belonging, fostering a shared commitment to preserving the language for future generations. Consider joining or supporting local Hawaiian cultural organizations in your area. You can also look for community events that celebrate the Hawaiian language and culture.
The Importance of Family: Passing on the Language
The family plays a crucial role in language transmission. Parents who speak ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi to their children are giving them a precious gift – the ability to connect with their ancestors, their culture, and their identity. Even if parents are not fluent speakers, they can still support their children’s language learning by creating a language-rich environment at home, using ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi in everyday conversation, and exposing their children to Hawaiian music, stories, and traditions.
Creating opportunities for intergenerational language transmission is also vital. Grandparents and elders who are fluent speakers can share their knowledge and wisdom with younger generations, ensuring that the language and culture are passed on. The active involvement of elders in language programs and cultural activities is invaluable.
Legal and Policy Framework: Supporting the Revival
The Hawaiian language revival has been supported by a legal and policy framework that recognizes the importance of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi as an official language of the state. The Hawaiʻi State Constitution guarantees the right to an education in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi, and state laws provide funding for language programs and cultural preservation initiatives.
The establishment of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) has also been instrumental in supporting the revival. OHA advocates for the rights of Native Hawaiians and provides funding for programs that promote Hawaiian language, culture, and education. Continued advocacy and policy support are essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of the Hawaiian language revival. Learn more about OHA and their initiatives the Office of Hawaiian Affairs website.
Looking Ahead: A Future for ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
The Hawaiian language revival has come a long way in a relatively short period of time. From the brink of extinction, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi has been brought back to life, thanks to the dedication and hard work of countless individuals and organizations. The future of the language depends on continued commitment, innovation, and collaboration.
By embracing technology, expanding educational opportunities, and fostering community involvement, we can ensure that ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi thrives for generations to come. The language is not just a means of communication; it is a repository of cultural knowledge, a source of identity, and a symbol of resilience. Preserving ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi is essential for preserving the unique cultural heritage of Hawaiʻi.
Frequently Asked Questions About the Hawaiian Language Revival
What is the current status of the Hawaiian language?
While still considered endangered, the Hawaiian language has experienced a significant revival in recent decades. There are now more speakers than there were a few decades ago, thanks to immersion schools, university programs, and community initiatives. However, the number of fluent speakers is still relatively small compared to the overall population of Hawaiʻi.
How can I learn Hawaiian?
There are many ways to learn Hawaiian:
- Online Resources: Numerous websites and apps offer Hawaiian language lessons, vocabulary builders, and pronunciation guides.
- Community Classes: Community centers, cultural organizations, and some colleges offer Hawaiian language classes for adults.
- University Programs: The University of Hawaiʻi offers Hawaiian language courses and degree programs.
- Immersion Programs: While primarily for children, observing or volunteering in immersion programs can offer valuable exposure.
- Language Partners: Connecting with a native speaker for language exchange can greatly improve your fluency.
What are some common Hawaiian phrases I can start using?
- Aloha: Hello, goodbye, love
- Mahalo: Thank you
- ‘Ae: Yes
- ‘A’ole: No
- Pehea ‘oe?: How are you?
- Maika’i: Good
How can I support the Hawaiian language revival?
There are many ways to support the Hawaiian language revival:
- Learn the language: Even learning a few words can make a difference.
- Support Hawaiian language programs: Donate to or volunteer with organizations that promote Hawaiian language education and cultural preservation.
- Use Hawaiian: Incorporate Hawaiian words and phrases into your daily conversations.
- Attend Hawaiian cultural events: Participate in events that celebrate Hawaiian music, dance, and language.
- Advocate for Hawaiian language education: Support policies that promote Hawaiian language immersion programs and cultural preservation initiatives.
Are there any Hawaiian language resources for children?
Yes, there are many resources available for children, including:
- Hawaiian language books: Numerous children’s books are available in Hawaiian, often with English translations.
- Hawaiian music and songs: Listen to Hawaiian children’s music and songs.
- Hawaiian language cartoons and videos: Look for Hawaiian language cartoons and videos online.
- ‘Aha Pūnana Leo: These preschools offer a fully immersive Hawaiian language environment for young children.
A Call to Action: Join the Movement
The revitalization of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi is an ongoing journey, and every single contribution, no matter how small it may seem, has the power to create a ripple effect. The legacy of our ancestors and the vibrancy of Hawaiian culture rest on our collective shoulders. Don’t simply be a bystander; actively immerse yourself and become part of the solution. Start by learning basic phrases – greet people with “Aloha,” express gratitude with “Mahalo.” Support local businesses that use and promote the Hawaiian language. Advocate for Hawaiian language education in schools and communities. Consider donating to organizations dedicated to language revitalization. Share your knowledge and passion for ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi with friends and family, encouraging them to join this vital cause. The preservation of this cultural treasure is not just a responsibility; it’s an opportunity to connect with a rich history, embrace a unique identity, and ensure that the voice of the Hawaiʻi continues to resonate for generations to come. Take that first step today. Your commitment, no matter how big or small, will help ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi thrive.
References
Warner, S.-L. (2001). Hawaiian language revitalization: Policies and practices. In L. Hinton & K. Hale (Eds.), The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice (pp. 107-118). Academic Press.
Wilson, W. H., & Kamanā, K. (2001). “Mai Loko Mai O Ka ‘I’ini: Proceeding from a Dream” The Aha Punana Leo Effort to Recreate Hawaiian Language Contexts for Hawaiian Children. In L. Hinton & K. Hale (Eds.), The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice (pp. 147-176). Academic Press.
