The Hawaiian monarchy, a story of power, tradition, and tragic overthrow, significantly shaped the culture of Hawai’i. From its roots in ancient chiefly lines to its dramatic end in the late 19th century, its legacy continues to influence Hawaiian language, art, music, values, and political identity. This article explores this fascinating lineage and the lasting impact it had on the unique identity of the islands.
The Rise of the Ali’i: Foundations of Hawaiian Society
Before Western contact, Hawaiian society was structured around a complex social hierarchy led by the aliʻi, the chiefly class. These individuals were believed to descend from gods and possessed mana, a spiritual power that legitimized their rule. The aliʻi nui (high chiefs) controlled large land divisions called moku, and appointed lesser chiefs, the konohiki, to administer these areas.
Land tenure was unique. It wasn’t outright ownership but rather control and stewardship. The aliʻi managed the resources for the benefit of the community, and the makaʻāinana (commoners) worked the land and provided tribute in the form of goods and services. This system, while hierarchical, also emphasized communal well-being. Think of it like a family – the ali‘i were responsible for the well-being of their extended ‘ohana, and everyone had a role to play.
Early Hawaiian religion played a central role in reinforcing this social structure. It was polytheistic, with gods and goddesses representing various aspects of nature and human endeavor. Temples, called heiau, were constructed to honor these deities and were centers of ritual and political power. One important god was Kū, god of war, whose worship often involved human sacrifice. The ceremonies kept order to the society and the belief that power was divinely ordained.
Kamehameha I and the Unification of Hawai’i
The late 18th century saw the arrival of European explorers, most notably Captain James Cook in 1778. This event, while seemingly innocuous at first, set in motion a chain of events that would forever alter Hawaiian society. Western goods, ideas, and diseases began to trickle into the islands. With new ways of warfare and trading, they ultimately led to the rise of Kamehameha I.
Kamehameha, a chief from the island of Hawaiʻi, recognized the potential of Western weapons and used them to his advantage. Through a series of battles and strategic alliances, he gradually conquered the other islands, uniting them under his rule by 1810. This unification was a monumental achievement, laying the foundation for the Kingdom of Hawai’i.
Kamehameha I was more than just a warrior king, though. He understood the importance of diplomacy and trade with foreign powers. He maintained a policy of neutrality and encouraged Western merchants and traders to visit Hawaiʻi. While he embraced some Western innovations, he also sought to preserve Hawaiian traditions and protect his people from exploitation.
The Influence of Western Missionaries and the Transformation of Hawaiian Society
In 1820, the first group of American Protestant missionaries arrived in Hawaiʻi. These missionaries had a profound impact on Hawaiian culture and society. They introduced Christianity, established schools, and developed a written Hawaiian language. Their influence extended into government as well, shaping laws and policies based on their moral values.
The missionaries’ most significant achievement was developing a written form of the Hawaiian language and establishing schools. This led to widespread literacy among the Hawaiian population, which was remarkable for the time. The missionaries also translated the Bible into Hawaiian, which became a cornerstone of Hawaiian literature.
However, the missionaries’ influence had a darker side. They actively suppressed traditional Hawaiian religious practices and customs, which they viewed as pagan and immoral. They encouraged the adoption of Western clothing, manners, and social norms. This led to a gradual erosion of Hawaiian cultural identity and a growing dependence on Western institutions.
The missionaries also played a significant role in the development of the Mahele, the Great Māhele, a land redistribution that occurred in 1848. The redistribution was intended to westernize the land tenure which had significant and largely detrimental effects on the Hawaiian people. While intended to allow commoners to own land, the process was complex and manipulated, resulting in most of the land falling into the hands of foreigners.
The Reign of Kamehameha II to Kamehameha V: Navigating Foreign Influence
Following Kamehameha I’s death, his dynasty continued. Kamehameha II, also known as Liholiho, abolished the traditional kapu system, the ancient laws and prohibitions that governed Hawaiian life. This momentous act, influenced by Western ideas, marked a significant break with the past. However, it also created a void, which the incoming missionaries quickly filled with their own religious and moral code.
Kamehameha III, Kamehameha II’s successor, reigned during a period of significant change and challenges. He oversaw the development of a constitutional monarchy, which limited the power of the king and established a legislative assembly. He also introduced a legal system based on Western principles. These actions were intended to modernize Hawaiʻi and protect it from foreign encroachment.
Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V continued the process of modernization, focusing on economic development and strengthening the government. They also sought to revive Hawaiian culture and traditions, which had been suppressed by the missionaries. Kamehameha V, in particular, was a staunch defender of Hawaiian sovereignty and resisted foreign attempts to exert control over the islands. Unfortunately, they both died without heirs, furthering the issues arising within the kingdom.
The Election of King Lunalilo and King Kalākaua: A Period of Royal Elections
The death of Kamehameha V without naming an heir led to a constitutional crisis. For the first time, the Hawaiian legislature was tasked with electing a new monarch. In 1873, they elected Lunalilo, a popular high chief with royal lineage. Lunalilo, however, reigned for only a little over a year before succumbing to tuberculosis.
Lunalilo’s short reign was marked by attempts to reform the government and address the growing economic problems facing the kingdom. He also sought to negotiate a reciprocity treaty with the United States, which would allow Hawaiian sugar to enter the American market duty-free. However, his efforts were cut short by his untimely death.
After Lunalilo’s death, another election was held. This time, the two candidates were David Kalākaua and Queen Emma, the widow of Kamehameha IV. The election was fiercely contested and marked by political divisions between those who favored Kalākaua and those who supported Queen Emma. Kalākaua ultimately won the election, but the controversy surrounding his victory led to riots and unrest.
King Kalākaua: The “Merrie Monarch” and Revival of Hawaiian Culture
King Kalākaua, known as the “Merrie Monarch,” was a flamboyant and charismatic ruler who sought to revive Hawaiian culture and traditions. He restored the ancient Hawaiian monarchy and reintroduced traditional ceremonies and practices. He also commissioned the construction of ʻIolani Palace, the official residence of the Hawaiian monarchs, which remains a treasured symbol of Hawaiian monarchy. You can visit ‘Iolani Palace today! General admission tickets usually cost around $27.00 for self-led tours.
Kalākaua’s interest in reviving indigenous Hawaiian culture and practices was clear in the re-establishment of the hula. Before his reign, Christian missionaries largely suppressed the hula because of its inherent links with ancient Hawaiian religion. Kalākaua’s decision to publicly embrace the hula did well to bring it back through public performance. The festivities surrounding his 50th birthday celebration involved hula performances and cultural demonstrations, which paved the way for an annual festival that we know today as the Merrie Monarch Festival. It’s a huge event, usually held in Hilo, Hawaii, costs depend on the seating and days but it’s worth seeing. Securing tickets requires advance planning and a bit of luck, but it’s an incredible experience.
Kalākaua was also a patron of the arts and literature. He supported Hawaiian writers and artists and encouraged the preservation of Hawaiian language and history. He even wrote his own version of the Kumulipo, the Hawaiian creation chant, reflecting his commitment to Hawaiian culture.
His reign, while marked by cultural revival, also faced growing political and economic challenges. He was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution of 1887, which severely limited the power of the monarchy and granted significant control to foreign residents. This constitution paved the way for the eventual overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
Kalākaua’s legacy is complex and controversial. While he is remembered for his efforts to revive Hawaiian culture, he is also criticized for his extravagance and his role in the signing of the Bayonet Constitution. Nevertheless, he remains a significant figure in Hawaiian history, and his reign is viewed by many as a period of cultural renaissance.
Queen Liliʻuokalani: The Last Sovereign of Hawai’i
Following Kalākaua’s death, his sister, Liliʻuokalani, ascended to the throne in 1891. She was a strong and determined ruler who sought to restore the power of the monarchy and protect the rights of the Hawaiian people. She proposed a new constitution that would have returned voting rights to native Hawaiians and reduced the influence of foreign residents, but was never able to implement them due to threats.
Liliʻuokalani was a gifted musician and composer. She wrote many songs, including the famous “Aloha ʻOe,” which became a symbol of Hawaiian identity and a lament for the loss of Hawaiian sovereignty.
During her reign, however, a group of American businessmen and sugar planters, with the support of the U.S. Minister to Hawaiʻi, John L. Stevens, plotted to overthrow the Hawaiian Kingdom. In 1893, they launched a coup d’état, backed by U.S. Marines who landed under the guise of protecting American lives and property. The queen, to avoid bloodshed, reluctantly surrendered her authority to the United States government. “I, Liliʻuokalani, by the will of God Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom…”
Following the overthrow, the monarchy was abolished, and a provisional government was established. Queen Liliʻuokalani was placed under house arrest in ʻIolani Palace. Later on, she was formally charged with treason by the provisional government, imprisoned, and eventually forced to formally abdicate the throne in order to prevent the further execution of the Hawaiian Royalists. Afterwards, she spent most of her life advocating against the annexation of Hawai’i to the United States.
The Aftermath: Annexation and the Suppression of Hawaiian Culture
In 1898, despite widespread opposition from the Hawaiian people, the United States annexed Hawaiʻi. This act was viewed by most Hawaiians as illegal and unjust. They worked arduously to fight against the annexation but the circumstances led to its eventual success.
Following annexation, Hawaiian culture and language were actively suppressed. The Hawaiian language was banned in schools, and Hawaiian traditions and customs were discouraged. Many Hawaiians felt alienated and dispossessed in their own land. In fact, from after the overthrow Hawaiians had very limited access to education. Most schools educated students in English which suppressed those who were native Hawaiian speakers.
The tourism industry also began to boom on the island which led to changes in landscape, an influx in outsiders, and contributed to the suppression of the native population’s way of life. The industry exploited Hawaiian culture by marketing it as the friendly island that it was, but not advocating for the truth behind the kingdom.
Despite these challenges, Hawaiian culture did survive. It went underground and was passed down through families and communities. In the late 20th century, there was a growing movement to revive Hawaiian language, culture, and sovereignty. The push allowed for the culture to shine once more and become properly recognized.
The Hawaiian Renaissance and Contemporary Hawaiian Culture
The late 20th century saw a resurgence of Hawaiian cultural pride and identity, known as the Hawaiian Renaissance. This movement was fueled by a growing awareness of the injustices of the past and a desire to reclaim Hawaiian heritage.
One of the key achievements of the Hawaiian Renaissance was the revival of the Hawaiian language. Immersion schools, where all subjects are taught in Hawaiian, were established. Hawaiian language programs were also introduced in public schools and universities. Today, the Hawaiian language is recognized as an official language of Hawaiʻi, alongside English.
The hula, which had been suppressed for decades, experienced a major revival. Hālau hula (hula schools) flourished, and hula competitions became increasingly popular. Hula is now recognized as a powerful expression of Hawaiian culture and identity and is used to teach the island’s history and tradition.
Hawaiian music also underwent a revival. Contemporary Hawaiian musicians blended traditional sounds with modern influences, creating a unique and vibrant musical scene. Artists like Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, known for his rendition of “Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World,” brought Hawaiian music to a global audience.
Today, Hawaiian culture thrives in many forms. You can experience it through hula performances, traditional crafts, Hawaiian language classes, and cultural festivals. There are many cultural centers such as the Polynesian Cultural Center and the Waimea Valley which seek to educate and preserve the traditions. You can also experience the ‘aina (land) through a wide array of hikes and outdoor activities.
The Legacy Of The Hawaiian Monarchy
One of the major impacts the Hawaiian monarchy had on the islands was the legal framework it put in place. The Constitution of 1840 ensured the rights and safety of the Kanaka Maoli. This constitution allowed for the people to have a say in court and to be protected from arbitrary punishment. This was a major leap toward providing equality to the people which lasted until the overthrow.
In addition, the Hawaiian monarchy was known to be great patrons of the arts which led to the preservation and promotion of the culture. This support helped establish and maintain a place for the cultural art in the local communities, which ensured that their language and traditions were passed down through generations.
The monarchy also ensured that the land was well taken care of. The conservation efforts which it put through played an important rule in sustainability by preserving natural resources for long periods of time. These efforts helped preserve the natural beauty of the islands for future generations.
FAQ Section
What were the main factors that led to the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy?
The overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy was a complex event with several contributing factors. Economic interests of American sugar planters, the influence of the U.S. Minister to Hawaiʻi, and the desire for annexation by the United States all played significant roles. Additionally, the signing of the Bayonet Constitution, which limited the power of the monarchy, weakened the Hawaiian government and made it more vulnerable to external influence.
How did the overthrow of the monarchy impact Hawaiian culture and identity?
The overthrow of the monarchy had a devastating impact on Hawaiian culture and identity. The Hawaiian language was banned in schools, and Hawaiian traditions and customs were suppressed. Additionally, the loss of sovereignty led to widespread feelings of alienation and dispossession among the Hawaiian people. However, despite these challenges, Hawaiian culture survived and experienced a revival in the late 20th century.
What is the significance of the Hawaiian Renaissance?
The Hawaiian Renaissance was a significant turning point in Hawaiian history. It signaled a resurgence of Hawaiian cultural pride and identity. This movement led to the revival of the Hawaiian language, the hula, and Hawaiian music. It also raised awareness of the injustices of the past and promoted the sovereignty movement. The Hawaiian Renaissance has had a lasting impact on contemporary Hawaiian culture and identity.
How can I experience Hawaiian culture respectfully as a visitor?
If you want to experience Hawaiian culture respectfully as a visitor, there are several things to keep in mind. Learn basic Hawaiian phrases, such as “aloha” (hello/goodbye) and “mahalo” (thank you). Support local businesses and artists. Attend cultural events and performances, such as luaus. Be mindful of sacred sites and traditions. Avoid wearing Hawaiian clothing inappropriately or making disrespectful comments about Hawaiian culture.
References
Davenport, W. H. (1969). The Hawaiian cultural revolution: Some political and economic considerations. American Anthropologist, 71(1), 1-20.
Kame’eleihiwa, L. (1992). Native land and foreign desires. Bishop Museum Press.
Silva, N. K. (2004). Aloha betrayed: Native Hawaiian resistance to American colonialism. Duke University Press.
Ready to dive deeper into the history of Hawai’i? Plan a trip! Talk with local businesses, cultural leaders and take a peek into the past. Immerse yourself into this incredible history. Respect, learn and protect the legacy that is the Hawaiian monarchy. Aloha!
