Crafting leis is far more than just stringing flowers together; it’s a deeply ingrained cultural practice in Hawaii, representing love, respect, and connection. The process itself, from gathering the materials to presenting the finished lei, is infused with meaning and history. This article delves into the art, history, and significance of lei making, designed to guide you through understanding, appreciating, and even trying this beautiful Hawaiian tradition yourself.
The History and Significance of Lei Making
The origins of lei making in Hawaii are interwoven with the arrival of the early Polynesian voyagers. They brought with them not only the plants that would become mainstays of lei construction, but also the traditions of adorning themselves with natural materials. Originally, leis were made from a variety of natural elements, including leaves, seeds, shells, feathers, and even hair, each imbued with specific meanings and purposes. These early leis weren’t simply decorative; they were used in religious ceremonies, as symbols of rank and authority, and as offerings to the gods.
The introduction of new flowers and materials during the 19th century, particularly with the growing plantation economy, dramatically changed lei making. More readily available flowers like plumeria, orchids, and carnations began to dominate, creating the vibrant and fragrant leis we often associate with Hawaii today. However, the core symbolism of the lei remained consistent: a tangible representation of aloha, friendship, and celebration.
The Protocol and Etiquette of Lei Giving
Giving a lei is a gesture of aloha, but there’s certain protocol to observe. A lei should always be presented with a smile and genuine warmth. When offering a lei, gently drape it around the recipient’s neck, ensuring it hangs evenly. Avoid tossing it. It’s considered respectful to accept a lei graciously and to wear it for at least a short period. Removing a lei in front of the giver is often perceived as impolite, unless there’s a specific allergy or a compelling reason.
It’s also worth noting that certain leis are reserved for specific occasions or individuals. For example, the lei hulu, made from feathers, is considered a high art form and was traditionally worn by royalty. While feather leis are more accessible today, they still carry a sense of prestige and are often given as gifts of significant honor. Similarly, certain flowers might have specific associations. For instance, some believe white flowers should be avoided for those who are ill, as white is often associated with funerals.
Essential Materials for Lei Making
Making a lei is simpler than you might think, but having the right materials is key. Here’s a breakdown of what you’ll need:
Flowers: This is the most important element! Plumeria, orchids, carnations, tuberose, and pikake are popular choices. Freshness is crucial; ideally, harvest your flowers early in the morning when they are most hydrated. If purchasing flowers, look for vibrant colors and firm petals.
Needle: A long, sturdy needle (often called a lei needle) is required. These needles are typically 6-12 inches long and have a large eye for easy threading. You can find them at craft stores or online retailers.
Thread: Strong thread is a must. Dental floss is a popular choice among experienced lei makers because it is durable and readily available. However, you can also use waxed nylon thread or other strong, synthetic thread.
Scissors or Clippers: For trimming stems and thread.
Optional: Other decorative elements like ribbon, seeds, kukui nuts, or greenery can be added to enhance your lei.
Step-by-Step Guide to Making a Simple Flower Lei
This guide will walk you through creating a simple, strung flower lei, perfect for beginners. We’ll use plumeria as our flower example, but you can adapt the instructions for other types of blooms.
- Prepare your flowers: Gently clean your plumeria flowers, removing any dirt or debris. Inspect each flower for imperfections and discard any that are wilted or damaged.
- Thread your needle: Cut a length of thread approximately twice the desired length of your lei. Thread the needle and tie a secure knot at the end of the thread, creating a stopper.
- Piercing the flowers: Hold a plumeria flower in your non-dominant hand, and carefully pierce the center of the flower (where the stem was attached) with the needle. Slide the flower down the thread until it reaches the knot.
- Continue stringing: Repeat the piercing process with each flower, sliding them down the thread until your lei reaches the desired length. Aim for consistent spacing between the flowers for a balanced look.
- Tying the lei: Once you’ve strung enough flowers, carefully remove the needle. Tie the two ends of the thread together with a secure knot. Then, tie the ends of the thread to each other again to create a stronger hold. Trim any excess thread.
- Finishing touches: Consider adding a ribbon to cover the knot or to add a decorative element. Trim any stray stems or petals to neaten the appearance of your lei.
Tips for Better Lei Making
Here are some practical tips to improve your lei making skills:
Flower Selection: Choose flowers that are freshly picked and haven’t begun to wilt. Different flowers have different lifespans. For example, tuberose and pikake are very fragrant but delicate, while orchids and carnations last longer.
Proper Storage: To keep your leis fresh, store them in a plastic bag in the refrigerator. Sprinkling them with a little water before refrigerating can help to maintain their moisture. Some lei makers even recommend storing leis in a container filled with water.
Experiment with Different Techniques: Beyond the simple stringing method, there are various techniques like hili (braiding or plaiting), wili (wrapping), and kui (sewing). Each technique produces a unique lei style.
Consider Lei Length: The standard lei length is approximately 40 inches, but you can adjust it based on the recipient’s preference or the occasion. Shorter leis are often made for children.
Learn from Experienced Lei Makers: Taking a lei making class or watching experienced lei makers can provide valuable insights and techniques. Many community centers and cultural organizations in Hawaii offer lei making workshops.
Exploring Different Lei Styles and Techniques
Lei making extends beyond the basic strung lei. Here’s a glimpse into a few different styles and techniques:
Hili Lei: This involves braiding or plaiting natural materials, often using ferns, leaves, or vines as the base. Flowers are then interwoven into the braid to create a textured and intricate lei. Hili leis require skill and patience, but the result is a beautiful and long-lasting creation.
Wili Lei: This technique involves wrapping flowers and other materials around a base, typically made of raffia or paper. Wili leis are often dense and full, with the flowers closely packed together. They offer a greater level of design control, allowing for intricate patterns and color combinations.
Kui Lei: Kui refers to the basic stringing technique, but within this category, there are variations in flower placement and spacing. Some kui leis feature tightly packed flowers, while others have more open spaces, allowing the individual blooms to stand out. The choice depends on the desired aesthetic and the type of flowers used.
Lei Hulu (Feather Lei): As mentioned earlier, these are a high art form. They were traditionally made using the feathers of native Hawaiian birds, which were carefully collected and meticulously arranged. Modern feather leis often use commercially available feathers, but the skill and artistry required to create them remain significant. Feather leis are considered precious and are often displayed as works of art. You can find beautiful examples of these leis, and learn about the history of feather work at places like the Bishop Museum in Honolulu.
The Economics and Sustainability of Lei Making
In Hawaii, lei making has become a significant part of the tourism industry, with lei stands and shops readily available throughout the islands. The cost of a lei can vary widely, depending on the type of flowers used, the lei’s complexity, and the location where it is purchased. Simple plumeria leis might cost around $5-$10, while more elaborate orchid or tuberose leis can range from $20-$50 or more. Feather leis can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars, depending on the materials and craftsmanship involved.
The environmental impact of lei making is an increasingly important consideration. The demand for flowers can place stress on local ecosystems, and the use of imported flowers can contribute to biosecurity risks. Sustainable lei making practices are gaining traction, with a focus on using locally grown flowers, reducing waste, and minimizing the use of harmful chemicals. Some lei makers are even exploring the use of alternative materials, such as recycled fabrics or repurposed plastics, to create eco-friendly leis.
Consider supporting local flower farms and lei makers who prioritize sustainable practices. Ask about the origin of the flowers and choose leis made from locally grown blooms whenever possible. Dispose of leis responsibly by composting them or returning them to the earth. Some hotels and resorts in Hawaii have programs for collecting used leis and composting them to enrich the soil in their gardens offering a circular approach to this tradition.
Finding Lei Making Workshops and Resources
If you want to delve deeper into lei making, consider participating in a workshop or class. Many community centers, cultural organizations, and even some hotels in Hawaii offer lei making instruction, as well as some online workshops for people to learn remotely.
For instance, the Lyon Arboretum in Honolulu often hosts lei making workshops, providing hands-on instruction and insights into the cultural significance of lei. You can also find online tutorials and resources on websites like YouTube. Be sure to search for tutorials from credible sources and look for instructors who demonstrate respect for Hawaiian culture.
Additionally, many Hawaiian cultural centers and museums provide educational resources about lei making and its history. Visiting these institutions can offer a deeper understanding of the practice and its significance, enhancing your appreciation for this beautiful tradition.
Incorporating Lei Making into Everyday Life
You don’t have to be in Hawaii to enjoy the art of lei making. Even if you don’t have access to traditional Hawaiian flowers, you can adapt the techniques using locally available blooms. Consider making leis for special occasions, such as birthdays, graduations, or holidays. Lei making can be a creative and meaningful way to express your aloha and celebrate the beauty of nature.
You can also incorporate lei making into educational activities for children, teaching them about Hawaiian culture and promoting creativity and fine motor skills. Simple flower leis are easy to make and can be adapted for various themes and celebrations. Remember, the most important thing is to approach lei making with respect, intention, and a spirit of aloha.
FAQ Section
What is the best flower to use for a lei?
The best flower for a lei depends on your personal preference and availability. Plumeria, orchids, carnations, tuberose, and pikake are all popular choices. Consider the flower’s fragrance, color, durability, and cultural significance when making your selection.
How long does a lei typically last?
The lifespan of a lei depends on the type of flowers used and how it is stored. Fragrant and easily damaged flowers such as Tuberose generally last a day or so while tougher flowers like Orchids can last a week. To prolong its life, store it in a plastic bag in the refrigerator, and lightly mist it with water.
Is it OK to wear a lei if I’m not Hawaiian?
Yes, it is perfectly acceptable and encouraged to wear a lei, even if you are not Hawaiian. Wearing a lei is a sign of respect and appreciation for Hawaiian culture. Just be sure to wear it with aloha and understanding of its cultural significance.
Can I make a lei from leaves or other natural materials?
Absolutely! Leis can be made from a variety of natural materials, including leaves, seeds, shells, and feathers. Experiment with different materials to create your unique lei styles. Research the cultural significance of different materials to deepen the meaning of your creation.
Where can I buy lei making supplies?
You can purchase lei making supplies at craft stores, flower shops, and online retailers. Look for lei needles, strong thread, and a variety of fresh flowers. If you are in Hawaii, local markets and lei stands offer a wide selection of supplies.
References List
Amy Stillman, “Sacred Hula: The Historical Anthropology of Canonized Hawaiian Dance.”
Ishmael W. Stagner, “Of the Land Belonging to Them: Land Tenure and Society in the Sandwich Islands.”
Dorothy Barrère, “Lei Making.”
Bishop Museum Archives.
Ready to try your hand at lei making? It’s more than just a craft; it’s an experience. Find a local flower shop, gather your materials, and let your creativity flow. Share your finished leis with friends and family, spreading the spirit of aloha. You may even want to consider taking a workshop to enhance your skills and deepen your cultural understanding. Embrace the tradition, and let the beauty and fragrance of these beautiful creations bring joy to your life and the lives of those around you. Start creating, start giving, and start sharing the aloha today!
