Beyond the sun-kissed beaches and lush landscapes, Hawaii holds a treasure trove of ancient temples and sacred sites, each whispering tales of a rich cultural heritage that goes back centuries. These sites, known as heiau and other places of reverence, provide profound insights into the spiritual beliefs, social structures, and daily lives of the early Hawaiians, offering a unique journey beyond the typical tourist experience. This article explores these hidden gems, providing practical guidance on how to respectfully discover and appreciate these pieces of Hawaiian history.
Respecting the Culture: A Primer Before You Go
Before venturing off the beaten path, remember that these heiau and other sacred locations are not just historical monuments; they are living parts of Hawaiian culture and hold deep spiritual significance for the Native Hawaiian people. Approach each site with ho’omaluhia (peace and tranquility), respect, and a willingness to learn. Do some research: Before visiting any site, take some time to learn about its history and specific cultural protocols. You can find information through books, historical societies, and cultural centers. Many sites have informational plaques or brochures that provide background and guidance. Consider hiring a local guide: A knowledgeable guide can share the history and significance of the site, ensuring you understand and respect its cultural value. They can also provide guidance on appropriate behavior and etiquette. Avoid climbing on or disturbing the structures: These ancient structures have stood for centuries and are fragile. Do not climb on the walls, move stones, or disturb any artifacts you may find. Leave everything as you found it. Be mindful of your attire: Dress modestly when visiting sacred sites. Avoid wearing swimwear or overly revealing clothing. Sunscreen and insect repellent are helpful, but apply them before arriving to avoid disturbing the area. Refrain from loud noises or disruptive behavior: Maintain a respectful and quiet demeanor while visiting these sites. Avoid talking loudly or engaging in disruptive activities. The sounds of nature enhance the experience and preserve the peace. Seek permission before photography: Some sites may have restrictions on photography or filming, especially during ceremonies or special events. Always ask for permission before taking photos or videos. Dispose of trash properly: Help maintain the cleanliness and preservation of these sites by properly disposing of your trash. Pack out everything you pack in and leave no trace behind. Support local preservation efforts: Consider donating to organizations dedicated to preserving and protecting these cultural sites. Your support can help ensure that these treasures will be available for future generations to learn from and appreciate.
Maui’s Sacred Spaces: Stepping Back in Time
Maui, known for its stunning beaches and the Road to Hana, also holds some remarkable heiau and other sacred sites. One of the most well-known is Pi’ilanihale Heiau, located in Kahanu Garden near Hana. This massive structure is believed to be the largest heiau in Polynesia, covering almost three acres. The sheer scale of Pi’ilanihale is breathtaking, showcasing the architectural skills and resources of the ancient Hawaiians. The exact purpose of the heiau is debated, but it likely served as a place of worship, sacrifice, and royal ceremonies. Visiting Kahanu Garden requires an entrance fee (approximately $18 for adults and $10 for children) and allows you to explore not only the heiau but also a diverse collection of Polynesian plants. Directions are straightforward: Drive east on the Hana Highway (Highway 360) to mile marker 31, then follow the signs to Kahanu Garden. Be sure to wear sturdy shoes and bring water, as you’ll be walking on uneven terrain.
Another significant site is the Iao Valley State Monument, which is home to the iconic Iao Needle, a verdant rock formation rising 1,200 feet from the valley floor. This site not only has stunning natural beauty but is also deeply significant in Hawaiian history. It was the site of the Battle of Kepaniwai in 1790, where Kamehameha I defeated the Maui army, marking a turning point in his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands. The valley holds spiritual significance, with evidence suggesting it was used for burials and ceremonies. Access to Iao Valley requires a reservation and a small entry fee (around $5 for non-residents). Reservations can be made online through the Hawaii State Parks website. While you’re there, take the short paved walking trail to multiple viewpoints of the Iao Needle and learn about the valley’s history through interpretive signs. The location is easily accessible from Wailuku and Kahului. Remember to be respectful of the sacredness of the valley.
For a more off-the-beaten-path experience, consider visiting the Honokohau Valley on Maui’s northwest coast. While not always easily accessible, this valley is home to ancient agricultural terraces and remnants of Hawaiian settlements. It’s said to be one of the few places where you can still see relatively undisturbed evidence of early Hawaiian farming practices. Access often requires a guided tour or permission from landowners, as much of the valley remains private. Check with local tour operators for availability. Before visiting, read up on the valley’s history and its connection to the local community.
Oahu’s Historical Footprints
Oahu, the most populated island, also contains numerous sites of historical and cultural importance. Pu’u o Mahuka Heiau State Historic Site, overlooking Waimea Bay, is the largest heiau on Oahu. It’s believed to have been a site of human sacrifice and important rituals. The panoramic views of the coastline are stunning, offering not just historical significance but also breathtaking vistas. The heiau is free to visit and open daily during daylight hours. It’s located off Pupukea Road, just north of Waimea Bay. Wear comfortable shoes for walking on the uneven ground and bring water, as there’s limited shade here. Reflect on the history of Puʻu o Mahuka as you experience the natural beauty, remembering the sacrifices and decisions made here.
Ulupo Heiau State Historic Site, located near Kailua on the Windward side, is another significant site. Legend says that the menehune, a mythical race of small people, built this heiau in a single night. The heiau sits near the edge of the Kawainui Marsh, a wetland that was once a vital source of food and resources for the early Hawaiians. The site is easily accessible and free to visit, and it offers a glimpse into ancient agricultural practices. The Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Ulupo Heiau is recognized as the largest freshwater marsh in Hawaii, providing habitat for endangered waterbirds and other native species. Combine your visit with birdwatching or a visit to the nearby Kailua town. The grounds around the Heiau are often used for community festivals and events.
A visit to Kukaniloko Birthstones State Monument offers another interesting perspective. This site was once a place of royal birth, where high-ranking women came to give birth to their children in a sacred setting. The stones are arranged in a particular pattern, adding to the site’s significance. The site is located near Wahiawa and is free to visit. The atmosphere at Kukaniloko is noticeably serene, making it an ideal place for mindful reflection. The nearby Dole Plantation provides a contrasting but convenient destination for visitors, with numerous shops, tours and maze activities.
The Big Island’s Legacy
The Big Island, also known as Hawai’i Island, has a strong sense of ancient traditions and well-preserved historical sites. Pu’uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park, often called the “Place of Refuge,” is a must-visit. This well-preserved site served as a sanctuary for those who had broken the kapu (sacred laws) or were defeated in battle. By reaching the Pu’uhonua, they could seek forgiveness and avoid punishment. The park features reconstructed temples, ancient fishponds, and wooden carvings, providing a vivid look into the daily life of early Hawaiians. The entry fee is around $25 per vehicle, and the park offers guided tours and cultural demonstrations. It is open daily. It is located on the Kona coast, south of Kailua-Kona. Arrive early to beat the crowds and take advantage of cooler temperatures, especially during the summer months. Attend any scheduled talks or demonstrations to enrich the experience.
Mauna Kea Observatories present a unique blend of science and cultural significance. The summit of Mauna Kea is considered sacred and is home to numerous astronomical observatories. While the observatories themselves are not ancient sites, the mountain holds tremendous spiritual significance for Hawaiians. Access to the summit requires a four-wheel-drive vehicle, and it’s essential to acclimatize to the altitude before ascending. Before visiting, review the guidelines for respectful visitation issued by the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. Be mindful of the cultural importance of the site and avoid making loud noises or engaging in disrespectful behavior. The Onizuka Center for International Astronomy Visitor Information Station, located mid-mountain, offers information and acclimatization opportunities.
The Lapakahi State Historical Park offers insight into an ancient Hawaiian fishing village. This well-preserved village provides a glimpse into traditional Hawaiian life, showcasing homesites, agricultural terraces, and fishing shrines. The park is free to visit and offers self-guided tours. It’s located on the Kohala coast, north of Kawaihae. The park’s relatively remote location ensures a less crowded and more tranquil visit. Take advantage of the interpretive signs to learn about the native plants and their uses. The nearby Pololu Valley Overlook provides an excellent view of the dramatic coastline, making it a worthwhile addition to your visit.
Kauai’s Cultural Gems: The Garden Isle’s Secrets
Kauai, also known as the Garden Isle, is home to numerous natural wonders and cultural sites, each with its own story to tell. The Hale o Lono Heiau, located near the mouth of the Wailua River, is an important historical site on the island. This ancient temple is believed to have been dedicated to the god Lono, associated with agriculture, peace, and fertility. While the exact history of the heiau remains somewhat mysterious, archeological evidence suggests that it was used for significant ceremonies and rituals. Take a guided boat tour of the Wailua River to see Hale o Lono and other nearby sacred sites, such as the Fern Grotto. These tours often provide valuable historical and cultural context. Respect the archaeological site by staying on marked pathways and avoiding any disturbance of the stones or natural surroundings. The Wailua River State Park, where Hale o Lono is located, also offers opportunities for kayaking and hiking, providing a well-rounded experience.
The Polihale State Park, situated on the western edge of the island, is known for its dramatic cliffs, expansive beaches and ancient history. While it is not specifically known for a major standing heiau, the area is rich with cultural significance, having been frequented by ancient Hawaiians. The remote location adds to the sense of mystery and reverence. The park is free to enter, but you must use a four-wheel drive vehicle for access because the road is unpaved and can be treacherous. Take in the stunning sunset views over the Pacific Ocean, which offer a profound sense of serenity here at the park. Respect the cultural and natural resources of Polihale by adhering to park rules and leaving no trace of your visit.
Menehune Fishpond is an interesting historical site—also known as Alekoko Fishpond. Legend has it that the Menehune, the mythical race of little people, built this impressive fishpond in a single night. While the true origins of the fishpond are still debated by historians and archeologists, the site is undoubtedly an impressive engineering feat of ancient Hawaiians. You can view the Menehune Fishpond from a scenic overlook on Route 50 near Lihue. Stop at the overlook for panoramic views of the fishpond and the surrounding lush landscape. The adjacent Niumalu Beach Park provides opportunities for kayaking and other water activities.
Practicalities: Planning Your Cultural Excursion
Planning a trip to these sacred sites requires some forethought to ensure a respectful and enriching experience. Consider the following practical tips: Transportation: Renting a car is often the most convenient way to access many of these sites, especially those located off the beaten path. Four-wheel-drive vehicles may be necessary for certain locations. Check the road conditions and accessibility before you go. Accommodation: Plan your accommodation strategically to minimize travel time to the sites you intend to visit. Consider staying in local communities to support the local economy and immerse yourself in the culture. Clothing and Gear: Wear comfortable walking shoes, as many sites involve walking on uneven terrain. Dress respectfully, avoiding overly revealing clothing. Bring sunscreen, a hat, and insect repellent. Always carry water to stay hydrated, especially in hot weather. Weather: Hawaii’s weather can be unpredictable, with rain showers occurring even on sunny days. Check the forecast before you go and be prepared for changing conditions. Many sites are outdoors, so it’s important to be aware of the weather. Guides and Tours: Consider hiring a local guide or joining a guided tour. A knowledgeable guide can provide valuable insights into the history and cultural significance of the sites. It is a worthwhile investment to enrich your experience. Resources: Consult guidebooks, websites, and local cultural centers for information about the sites. The Hawaii State Parks website is a valuable resource for information about state-managed sites. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu offers exhibits and educational programs about Hawaiian history and culture. Safety: Be aware of your surroundings and take necessary safety precautions. Avoid venturing off marked trails or climbing on unstable structures. Be respectful of the environment and avoid disturbing any plants or animals. Support Local Businesses: When possible, support local businesses, such as restaurants, shops, and tour operators. You can help contribute to the local economy and promote sustainable tourism.
Advanced Etiquette: Going Beyond the Basics
While the basic guidelines of respect are crucial, understanding the deeper cultural nuances can further enrich your experience and demonstrate genuine appreciation for Hawaiian culture. Offering a ho’okupu: A ho’okupu is a traditional offering, often consisting of a small gift of flowers, leaves, or other natural materials. Offering a ho’okupu is a way of showing respect and gratitude to the land and the ancestors. Research and learn about the appropriate protocols for giving a ho’okupu before your trip. Learning basic Hawaiian phrases: Learning a few basic Hawaiian phrases can go a long way in showing respect and connecting with the local community. Practicing the Hawaiian values: Familiarize yourself with the core Hawaiian values, such as aloha (love and compassion), kuleana (responsibility), and malama ‘aina (caring for the land). Practicing these values can help you better understand and appreciate the Hawaiian culture. Engaging in cultural activities: Participate in traditional Hawaiian activities, such as hula (dance), lei making (flower garland), or poi pounding (taro pounding). These activities can provide a deeper understanding of Hawaiian culture and traditions. Seeking out community events: Attend local community events, such as festivals, concerts, or workshops. These events provide an opportunity to connect with the local community, learn about Hawaiian culture, and support local artists and craftspeople. Respecting elder’s traditions: When there are cultural practices taking place, ensure that you offer elders and practictioners the space they need. Their traditions should be respected far above anything else. Understanding the story: If you don’t understand something, seek the clarification necessary to connect with each site you visit beyond the visual, and on a deeper emotional level.
Preserving Paradise: Responsible Tourism
Responsible tourism is essential to protect the natural and cultural resources of Hawaii for future generations. Here are some ways to be a responsible traveler: Minimize your environmental impact: Reduce your consumption of single-use plastics, conserve water and energy, and properly dispose of your waste. Choose eco-friendly accommodations and tour operators. Support sustainable tourism practices: Look for accommodations and tour operators that are committed to sustainable practices, such as reducing waste, conserving resources, and supporting local communities. Respect wildlife and natural habitats: Observe wildlife from a respectful distance and avoid disturbing their natural habitats. Do not feed or harass animals. Buy local products and services: Support local businesses by buying local products and services. Avoid purchasing souvenirs that are made from endangered species or contribute to environmental degradation. Educate yourself and others: Learn about the cultural and environmental issues facing Hawaii and share your knowledge with others. Encourage others to travel responsibly. Don’t be afraid to speak up: If you have an uncomfortable feeling about something that someone is doing—speaking loudly, disrupting a natural area, etc.—share it. Even if you do so privately, your feedback can make the difference.
FAQ Section
What is a heiau?
A heiau is an ancient Hawaiian temple or sacred site. These structures were used for various religious and cultural ceremonies. Heiau vary in size and purpose, ranging from small family shrines to large complexes dedicated to powerful gods.
Are these sites always open to the public?
While many of the sites are open to the public, some may have restricted access hours or require permits. Always check the specific site’s regulations before visiting, and be respectful of any closures or restrictions.
What should I wear when visiting a heiau?
Dress modestly and respectfully. Avoid wearing swimwear or overly revealing clothing. Comfortable walking shoes are recommended. Also, carry sun protection and insect repellent.
Is it appropriate to take photos at these sites?
Photography is generally allowed, but always check for specific restrictions at each site. Some sites may prohibit photography during ceremonies or special events. Be respectful and mindful when taking photos.
How can I learn more about the history and culture of these sites?
Consult guidebooks, websites, and local cultural centers for information about the sites. Consider hiring a local guide or joining a guided tour to gain deeper insights. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu is an excellent resource for Hawaiian history and culture.
Can I touch or move the stones or artifacts at these sites?
No, it is important to leave everything as you found it. Do not touch or move stones or artifacts, as these sites are fragile and hold cultural significance. Respect the integrity of the site and the ancestors who built it.
What is ho’okupu and when is it appropriate to offer one?
Ho’okupu is a traditional offering, often consisting of flowers, leaves, or other natural materials. It is a way of showing respect and gratitude to the land and the ancestors. The appropriateness of offering a ho’okupu can vary depending on the site and the specific cultural protocols. Research and learn about the appropriate protocols before your trip.
How can I support the preservation of these cultural sites?
Consider donating to organizations dedicated to preserving and protecting these cultural sites. Support local businesses and tour operators who are committed to sustainable tourism practices. Educate yourself and others about the importance of preserving these cultural treasures.
Are there any safety precautions I should take?
Be aware of your surroundings and take necessary safety precautions. Avoid venturing off marked trails or climbing on unstable structures. Stay hydrated and protect yourself from the sun. Be respectful of the environment and avoid disturbing any plants or animals.
Do I need a guide to visit these sites?
While a guide is not always required, it is highly recommended. A knowledgeable guide can provide valuable insights into the history and cultural significance of the sites, enhancing your experience and ensuring that you are respectful of the cultural protocols.
References
Here are some resources (without active URLs) that can provide a deeper understanding of the topics discussed in this article:
- Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini. Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. University of Hawaii Press, 1986.
- Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani. Tales and Traditions of the People of Old: Na Hana a ka Po’e Kahiko. Bishop Museum Press, 1991.
- Kirch, Patrick Vinton. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
- Malo, David. Hawaiian Antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii). Bishop Museum Press, 1951.
- Hawaii State Parks Website.
- National Park Service Website (Pu’uhonua o Honaunau).
Ready to embark on a journey that extends beyond the beaches? Hawaii’s ancient temples and sacred sites await, offering a profound connection to the land and its people. Embrace the spirit of aloha, respect the cultural heritage, and discover a side of Hawaii that will stay with you long after you leave. Plan your trip today and uncover the hidden stories of this enchanting paradise. Remember the wisdom of the past holds the key to mindful experiences and reverence of the culture.
