Beyond the fragrant allure, Hawaiian flowers are deeply woven into the cultural fabric of the islands, carrying complex meanings and symbolism that transcend mere aesthetic beauty. Understanding this floral language unlocks a deeper appreciation of Hawaiian traditions, values, and way of life.
The Lei: More Than Just a Greeting
The lei, perhaps the most iconic symbol of Hawaiian culture, is far more than a simple tourist souvenir. Giving and receiving a lei is an act of aloha, a gesture of love, friendship, respect, and celebration. The type of flower, the way it’s crafted, and even the occasion for which it’s given all contribute to its specific meaning. The materials used can range from fresh flowers to seeds, shells, feathers, and even nuts. Traditionally, lei were offered to the gods and goddesses as a sign of reverence.
While commercially made leis are readily available, crafting your own lei adds a personal touch and deepens the connection to the tradition. Many local shops offer lei-making workshops where you can learn the basics of stringing flowers together. The cost of these workshops can range from $30 to $75 depending on the location and materials provided. Resources like the Maui Master Gardeners offer information about lei-making workshops on Maui, but similar resources exist for all the islands.
It’s also important to consider lei etiquette. Never refuse a lei, and when wearing one, allow it to hang freely. It’s considered disrespectful to remove a lei in front of the person who gave it to you. When disposing of a lei, it’s best to return it to the earth by placing it in a garden or ocean (if the materials are biodegradable). Avoid throwing it in the trash.
Specific Flowers and Their Meanings
Plumeria (Melia)
The plumeria, or melia in Hawaiian, is arguably the most recognizable Hawaiian flower. Its sweet fragrance and delicate petals evoke feelings of warmth and beauty. Generally, plumeria represents positivity, celebration, and new beginnings. Different colors can also hold specific meanings. For instance, pink plumeria can symbolize romance, while yellow plumeria represents friendship. White plumeria is often associated with purity and spirituality. You can find plumeria trees blooming across the islands, often growing wild. Plumeria leis are commonly available at markets and flower shops for around $5-$15.
Orchid (ʻŌkika)
Orchids, prized for their exotic beauty and intricate shapes, are often associated with luxury, refinement, and love. In Hawaiian culture, orchids signify beauty in all its forms. Purple orchids represent royalty and respect, while white orchids can symbolize innocence and purity. Orchid leis are often given to signify admiration and appreciation. Because orchids are often imported from Thailand or other tropical regions, they are more expensive than other leis, costing between $20-$40.
Hibiscus (Aloalo)
The hibiscus, or aloalo in Hawaiian, is a vibrant and versatile flower that symbolizes delicate beauty. It’s known as the official state flower of Hawaii. Different colors of hibiscus carry distinct meanings. Red hibiscus can represent passion and love, while yellow hibiscus signifies happiness and friendship. White hibiscus can symbolize purity and good luck. Traditionally, it was believed that wearing a hibiscus behind your ear signaled your relationship status. For example, placed behind the right ear (your right), it was said to mean you were available. You can find hibiscus flowers almost everywhere you go in Hawaii, from private gardens to public parks.
Pikake (Arabian Jasmine)
Pikake, also known as Arabian jasmine, is a small, fragrant flower brought to Hawaii by Princess Kaʻiulani, who loved the flower and named it after her favorite bird, the peacock (“pikake”). This flower symbolizes love, romance, and beauty. Pikake leis are incredibly fragrant and often worn for special occasions like weddings and anniversaries. Due to the delicate nature of the flowers and the labor required to string them, pikake leis can be quite expensive, ranging from $25 to $50.
ʻIlima
ʻIlima, a small, delicate golden or orange flower, was once reserved for Hawaiian royalty. It symbolizes royalty, honor, and generosity. The labor-intensive process of gathering and stringing hundreds of tiny ʻilima flowers into a lei made it a prized possession. To create a single strand ʻilima lei could require thousands of flowers. While ʻilima leis can still be found, they are rare and expensive, reflecting their historical significance. Due to over harvesting and development, ʻilima flowers are considered threatened in some áreas of Hawaii.
Maile Lei
The maile lei is unique in that it’s not made of flowers but of fragrant green leaves from the maile vine. It symbolizes peace, respect, and unity. Maile leis are often used in ceremonies to seal agreements and celebrate significant events, such as weddings and graduations. The leaves are traditionally intertwined and tied together, creating a beautiful and fragrant lei that can last for several days. It is seen as a sign of respect to bring a maile lei when visiting a kupuna (elder). Maile leis are typically cheaper than flower leis, costing between $10-$20, but prices fluctuate depending on availability.
Beyond Flowers: Other Elements of Hawaiian Lei
While flowers are the most common element in leis, other materials are also used, each with its own significance.
Seeds and Nuts
Kukui nuts, small brown nuts from the kukui tree, are often used in leis to represent enlightenment and protection. The black color can also symbolize strength and resilience. They are polished and strung together to create a durable and eye-catching lei. Seeds from various plants are also used in leis, representing growth and prosperity. These leis are durable and can last for years, serving as lasting reminders of special occasions.
Shells
Shells represent the ocean and its connection to Hawaiian culture. Different types of shells carry different meanings. Cowrie shells, for example, are associated with fertility and prosperity while cone shells can represent protection. Shell leis are often given as souvenirs and are popular among beachgoers.
Feathers
Feathers, particularly those of native Hawaiian birds, were traditionally used in leis to symbolize royalty, power, and spirituality. Feather leis were highly prized and reserved for chiefs and other people of high status. The vibrant colors and intricate designs of feather leis reflected the status and mana (spiritual power) of the wearer. Today, feather leis are extremely rare and expensive, as many of the native bird species are endangered or extinct. Wearing a feather lei is a symbol of status and respect.
Cultural Sensitivity and Lei Giving
When giving or receiving a lei, it’s essential to be mindful of cultural protocols and customs. Always accept a lei with gratitude and respect. Avoid handling the lei roughly or discarding it carelessly. As previously mentioned, it is disrespectful to remove a lei in the presence of the giver. When participating in a hula performance, it is customary to wear a lei. If you are visiting a sacred site, it may be appropriate to leave a lei as an offering.
If you are planning to give a lei as a gift, consider the recipient’s preferences and the occasion. A simple flower lei is appropriate for most casual occasions, while a more elaborate lei with shells or feathers may be suitable for a special celebration. If you are unsure, ask a local flower shop for recommendations. You could visit a local florist like Petals & Hues in Honolulu, which offers delivery of leis and other flower arrangements. If you’re visiting the Big Island, you could visit a local establishment such as Hawaii Floral Nursery, a family-owned business that provides fresh flowers, leis, and other traditional crafts.
It’s also important to be aware of the potential environmental impact of lei making. Choose leis made from locally sourced, sustainable materials whenever possible. Avoid leis made from endangered flowers or shells. Dispose of leis responsibly by returning them to the earth or composting them.
Lei as Art: Beyond Adornment
Beyond their traditional use as adornments and offerings, leis are also recognized as forms of art. Lei makers (lei haku) are highly skilled artisans who use their knowledge of flowers, colors, and techniques to create stunning and meaningful works of art. Some lei haku specialize in creating specific types of leis, while others experiment with new materials and designs. Competitions and exhibitions showcase the artistry and creativity of lei haku, highlighting the cultural significance of this traditional craft. Learning to make lei can be a fun and rewarding experience, giving you a deeper understanding of Hawaiian culture.
Flowers in Hula
Flowers are integral to the art of hula, the traditional Hawaiian dance. Dancers often wear leis and other floral adornments to enhance their performance and convey the meaning of the song. The specific flowers used in a hula performance can vary depending on the story being told and the occasion. For example, a hula celebrating love and romance may feature red hibiscus and pikake flowers, while a hula honoring nature may incorporate green leaves and ferns. The movements of the dancers, combined with the beauty and fragrance of the flowers, create a truly immersive and unforgettable experience.
Preserving the Tradition
As Hawaii becomes increasingly globalized, it’s crucial to preserve the traditional knowledge and practices associated with Hawaiian flower symbolism. Supporting local lei makers, participating in lei-making workshops, and learning about the cultural significance of flowers are all ways to contribute to the preservation of this vital aspect of Hawaiian culture. By embracing the floral language of Hawaii, you gain a deeper appreciation of its rich history, vibrant traditions, and enduring spirit of aloha.
FAQ Section
What is the proper way to dispose of a lei?
The best way to dispose of a lei is to return it to the earth. If possible, place it in a garden or ocean (if the materials are biodegradable). Avoid throwing it in the trash.
Is it disrespectful to refuse a lei?
Yes, it is considered disrespectful to refuse a lei. Accepting a lei shows gratitude and respect for the giver.
What is the significance of wearing a lei behind your ear?
Traditionally, it was believed that wearing a hibiscus behind your ear signaled your relationship status. Placed behind the right ear (your right), it was said to mean you were available. This practice is becoming less common but is still sometimes seen.
How much does a lei typically cost?
The cost of a lei can vary depending on the type of flower, the complexity of the design, and the location. Simple flower leis can cost between $5 and $15, while more elaborate leis with rare flowers can cost $50 or more.
Where can I learn to make my own lei?
Many local shops and cultural centers offer lei-making workshops. Check with local community organizations or search online for workshops in the area you are visiting.
Are there any flowers that should be avoided in leis?
It’s best to avoid using endangered flowers or shells in leis. Choose leis made from locally sourced, sustainable materials whenever possible.
What is the significance of the maile lei?
The maile lei, made of fragrant green leaves, symbolizes peace, respect, and unity. It is often used in ceremonies to seal agreements and celebrate significant events.
Can I wear a lei on an airplane?
Yes, you can typically wear a lei on an airplane. However, it’s always a good idea to check with the airline for any specific restrictions.
References List
Charlot, John. Chanting the Universe: Hawaiian Recitations of Creation. Kalamakū Press, 2015.
Gutmanis, June. Na Pua Lei: Hawai’i’s Treasured Flowers. Island Heritage Publishing, 1997.
Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Samuel H. Elbert. Hawaiian Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press, 1986.
Valeri, Valerio. Kingship and Sacrifice: Ritual and Society in Ancient Hawaii. University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Ready to experience the profound beauty and cultural significance of Hawaiian flowers for yourself? Plan your trip to the islands, seek out local lei makers, participate in a lei-making workshop, and immerse yourself in the aloha spirit. By understanding and respecting the floral language of Hawaii, you’ll unlock a deeper connection to this extraordinary culture and create memories that will last a lifetime. Let the fragrant blossoms guide you on a journey of discovery and appreciation!
