Hawaiian quilts are more than just bed coverings; they are tangible expressions of Hawaiian culture, history, and aloha. Each quilt tells a story, passed down through generations, reflecting the islands’ vibrant flora, unique traditions, and the ingenuity of their creators.
The Origins of Hawaiian Quilting: A Blend of Cultures
Before the arrival of missionaries in the early 19th century, Hawaiians primarily used kapa (barkcloth) for bedding and clothing. Kapa was made from the beaten bark of the wauke tree and decorated with intricate designs using natural dyes. The introduction of woven fabric by missionaries brought about a significant change. Hawaiian women, known for their resourcefulness and artistic flair, quickly adapted the techniques of quilting, blending them with their own cultural aesthetic. Some historians believe that the earliest Hawaiian quilts were likely attempts to replicate European quilts, but with a distinct island twist. The precise moment when these influences merged to create the iconic Hawaiian quilt is debated, but by the mid-19th century, the art form was flourishing.
The Anatomy of a Hawaiian Quilt: Symmetry and Symbolism
The most recognizable characteristic of a Hawaiian quilt is its symmetrical design, often featuring a central motif that radiates outwards. This is achieved by folding a piece of fabric into eighths (or sometimes sixteenths) and cutting out a design, much like creating a paper snowflake. When unfolded and appliquéd onto a contrasting background, this creates a perfectly symmetrical image. Common motifs include native flowers like the hibiscus, plumeria, and breadfruit leaves, as well as other elements from the natural environment, such as waves, fish, and birds. Every element holds significance. For example, the breadfruit leaf represents sustenance and abundance, while the hibiscus symbolizes delicate beauty. The specific colors used are also important. Red often represents royalty, yellow symbolizes sunshine and happiness, and blue signifies the ocean’s vastness.
Creating a Hawaiian quilt is a labor of love, a process that requires patience, skill, and a deep understanding of the craft. The basic steps involve: choosing a design, selecting fabrics, cutting the appliqué, basting (temporary stitching) the appliqué to the background fabric, and finally, quilting (permanently stitching) the layers together. The quilting stitches themselves are often arranged to emphasize the design and add texture to the quilt. The “echo” quilting technique, where lines of stitching radiate outwards from the appliqué, mimicking the ripples in water, is particularly common.
The Significance of Color in Hawaiian Quilts
Beyond aesthetics, color plays a vital symbolic role in Hawaiian quilting. Each hue carries cultural weight, enriching the quilt’s narrative and reflecting specific emotions or beliefs:
- Red (ʻula): Traditionally associated with royalty (aliʻi), power, and passion. It signifies courage, strength, and high status.
- Yellow (melemele): Represents sunshine, joy, and happiness. It’s a color of optimism, illuminating the quilt with a sense of warmth and cheerfulness.
- Blue (polū): Symbolizes the vastness of the ocean, serenity, and calmness. It evokes the tranquil beauty of the Hawaiian sea and sky.
- Green (ʻōmaʻomaʻo): Represents the lush vegetation of the islands, growth, and renewal. It signifies life, fertility, and the connection to nature.
- Purple (poni): Often linked to spirituality, nobility, and dignity. It embodies respect, reverence, and the deeper mysteries of life.
- White (keʻokeʻo): Signifies purity, peace, and harmony. It represents clarity, innocence, and the essential balance within the universe.
- Black (ʻeleʻele): Symbolizes mystery, depth, and the unseen realms. Contrary to Western connotations, it doesn’t necessarily denote negativity but hints at the hidden wisdom and transformative potential.
Consider this: A quilt designed for a newborn might feature shades of green and white, symbolizing growth, purity, and new beginnings. Conversely, a quilt intended as a wedding gift could incorporate red and yellow, representing love, happiness, and a passionate commitment to the future.
Different Types of Hawaiian Quilts
While the appliqué quilt is the most well-known, there are several other types of Hawaiian quilts, each with its own unique style and techniques:
- Appliqué Quilts (Kuiki Lau): The classic Hawaiian quilt, characterized by a large, symmetrical appliqué design on a contrasting background.
- Flag Quilts (Kuiki Hae): These quilts feature the Hawaiian flag, often combined with other patriotic symbols. They represent Hawaiian identity and national pride. Many were created during the period of the Hawaiian Kingdom and continue to be made today.
- Crazy Quilts (Kuiki Pōhaku): Inspired by Victorian crazy quilts, these are made with irregularly shaped pieces of fabric sewn together in a seemingly random pattern. However, Hawaiian crazy quilts often incorporate Hawaiian motifs and colors.
- Picture Quilts (Kuiki Kiʻi): These quilts feature pictorial representations of Hawaiian scenes, such as landscapes, people, or historical events. They are often more representational than the stylized designs of appliqué quilts.
- Shadow Quilts (Kuiki Aka): These quilts use subtle variations in color and fabric to create a sense of depth and dimension, giving the design a “shadowed” effect.
Passing Down the Tradition: Learning the Art of Hawaiian Quilting
Traditionally, Hawaiian quilting was taught within families, with skills and knowledge passed down from mothers to daughters, grandmothers to granddaughters. Today, there are many opportunities to learn the art of Hawaiian quilting, both in Hawaii and beyond. Workshops and classes are offered at quilt shops, cultural centers, and community colleges. You can also find online tutorials and resources. Learning from a knowledgeable instructor is highly recommended, as they can teach you the proper techniques and guide you through the process of creating your own Hawaiian quilt. In Hawaii, look for classes at places like the Pacific Handcrafters Guild or check with local quilting guilds. Outside of Hawaii, search for quilt shops specializing in Hawaiian fabrics and patterns, as they often offer classes or can point you to local resources. One great resource online is the Hawaiian Quilt Collection, which offers various patterns and inspiration.
Where to Find Authentic Hawaiian Quilts
If you’re looking to purchase an authentic Hawaiian quilt, there are several options to consider. Buying directly from a quilter is a great way to support local artists and ensure that you’re getting a genuine handcrafted piece. Art fairs and craft shows are excellent places to meet quilters and see their work. Many quilt shops in Hawaii also carry quilts made by local artisans. When purchasing a quilt, ask about the maker, the materials used, and the story behind the design. This will give you a deeper appreciation for the quilt and its cultural significance. Be wary of quilts that are mass-produced or made with inferior materials, as they may not be authentic Hawaiian quilts. The price of a Hawaiian quilt can vary widely, depending on the size, complexity, and materials used. A small wall hanging might cost a few hundred dollars, while a large bed-sized quilt can cost several thousand.
Caring for Your Hawaiian Quilt: Preserving a Piece of History
Proper care is essential to preserve the beauty and longevity of your Hawaiian quilt. Avoid exposing your quilt to direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can cause the colors to fade. When storing your quilt, wrap it in acid-free tissue paper and store it in a cool, dry place. Avoid storing it in plastic bags, as this can trap moisture and lead to mold growth. To clean your quilt, it’s best to have it professionally cleaned by a reputable quilt cleaner. If you choose to wash it yourself, use a gentle detergent and lukewarm water. Avoid using bleach or fabric softeners. Tumble dry on low heat or hang it to dry in a shady area. Regular vacuuming with a soft brush attachment can help to remove dust and debris.
The Economic Impact of Hawaiian Quilting
Beyond its cultural significance, Hawaiian quilting contributes to the islands’ economy. The demand for Hawaiian quilts sustains local businesses, from fabric shops and quilting supply stores to the quilters themselves. Tourism also plays a significant role, as many visitors seek out Hawaiian quilts as souvenirs and keepsakes. The market for authentic Hawaiian quilts supports local artisans and helps to preserve this important cultural tradition. Quilting also provides a source of income for many Hawaiian families, particularly in rural communities.
Quilting as Therapy and Community Building
Hawaiian quilting is more than just a craft; it’s a form of therapy and a way to build community. The repetitive motions of quilting can be meditative and relaxing, helping to reduce stress and anxiety. Quilting circles and workshops provide opportunities for people to connect with others who share a passion for the craft. These gatherings are often filled with laughter, storytelling, and the sharing of knowledge and skills. Quilting can also be a way to honor loved ones and create lasting memories. Many quilters make quilts as gifts for family and friends, celebrating important milestones in their lives.
Patterns of Time: The Evolution of Hawaiian Quilt Designs
While rooted in tradition, Hawaiian quilt designs are not static. They evolve over time, reflecting changes in society, technology, and personal expression. Contemporary quilters often experiment with new fabrics, colors, and techniques, while still honoring the essence of traditional Hawaiian quilting. Some quilters incorporate modern designs into their quilts, blending traditional motifs with contemporary themes. Others use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create intricate patterns and designs. Despite these innovations, the core principles of symmetry, symbolism, and craftsmanship remain central to Hawaiian quilting.
The Future of Hawaiian Quilting: Preserving the Legacy
The future of Hawaiian quilting depends on passing down the knowledge and skills to future generations. Encouraging young people to learn the art of quilting is essential to ensure that this important cultural tradition continues to thrive. Supporting local quilters and promoting awareness of Hawaiian quilting can also help to preserve its legacy. By celebrating the beauty, symbolism, and craftsmanship of Hawaiian quilts, we can ensure that they continue to be cherished for generations to come. Museums and cultural institutions play a vital role in preserving and showcasing Hawaiian quilts. Exhibitions and educational programs can help to raise awareness of the art form and its cultural significance. The Bishop Museum in Honolulu, for example, has a significant collection of Hawaiian quilts and offers exhibits and programs related to Hawaiian culture and history.
Examples of Celebrated Hawaiian Quilters
Many talented individuals have dedicated their lives to the art of Hawaiian quilting. Here are a few examples of celebrated Hawaiian quilters and their contributions:
- Poakalani Serrao: Considered a master quilter, Poakalani Serrao is known for her intricate designs and her dedication to teaching and perpetuating Hawaiian quilting traditions. She has been recognized with numerous awards and accolades for her work.
- John Serrao: Husband of Poakalani, John Serrao contributes his artistic talents to the business. Together they offer quilting classes in Hilo on the Big Island.
- Elsie Kalanikauleleiaiwi Wilcox: A prominent quilter of the 20th century, Wilcox was known for her innovative designs and her skillful use of color. Her quilts are highly prized by collectors and museums.
- Iolani Lena Ashford: Her work is displayed in the Hawai’i State Foundation on Culture and the Arts.
These quilters and countless others have made significant contributions to the art of Hawaiian quilting, helping to shape its evolution and preserve its cultural significance. Their work serves as an inspiration to aspiring quilters and a testament to the enduring power of this beautiful art form.
Resources for Aspiring Hawaiian Quilters
If you’re interested in learning more about Hawaiian quilting or starting your own quilting journey, here are some helpful resources:
- Quilt Shops in Hawaii: Visit local quilt shops to browse fabrics, patterns, and supplies, and to connect with experienced quilters. Some popular quilt shops in Hawaii include Kapa Kuiki in Honolulu and Fabric Mart in Hilo.
- Hawaiian Quilt Guilds: Join a local quilt guild to meet other quilters, share ideas, and learn new techniques. The Hawaiian Quilt Guild is a statewide organization with chapters on each island.
- Online Classes and Tutorials: Explore online resources for Hawaiian quilting classes and tutorials. Many websites and YouTube channels offer step-by-step instructions for creating Hawaiian quilts.
- Books on Hawaiian Quilting: Read books on Hawaiian quilting to learn about the history, techniques, and designs of this art form. Some recommended books include “Hawaiian Quilts: Tradition and Innovation” by Linda Boynton Arthur and “The Hawaiian Quilt” by Marion I. Taylor.
Practical Tips for Beginning Quilters:
- Start with a small project: Choose a simple pattern for your first quilt, such as a wall hanging or pillow cover.
- Use quality materials: Invest in good-quality fabrics and threads for your quilt.
- Practice your stitching: Practice your hand or machine stitching on scrap fabric before working on your quilt.
- Take your time: Hawaiian quilting is a process that requires patience and attention to detail. Don’t rush through the steps.
- Ask for help: Don’t be afraid to ask for help from experienced quilters.
FAQ Section
What is the difference between a Hawaiian quilt and other types of quilts?
Hawaiian quilts are characterized by their symmetrical designs, often featuring a central motif that radiates outwards. They also typically use appliqué techniques and are often made with bright, contrasting colors. Non-Hawaiian quilts can have a wide variety of patterns, colors and techniques and are not necessarily symmetrical in design.
How long does it take to make a Hawaiian quilt?
The time it takes to make a Hawaiian quilt can vary depending on the size, complexity, and the quilter’s skill level. A small wall hanging might take a few weeks to complete, while a large bed-sized quilt could take several months.
What are the best fabrics to use for Hawaiian quilting?
High-quality cotton fabrics are generally recommended for Hawaiian quilting. Look for fabrics that are tightly woven and colorfast. Kona cotton is a popular choice among Hawaiian quilters.
How can I clean my Hawaiian quilt?
It’s best to have your Hawaiian quilt professionally cleaned by a reputable quilt cleaner. If you choose to wash it yourself, use a gentle detergent and lukewarm water. Avoid using bleach or fabric softeners. Tumble dry on low heat or hang it to dry in a shady area.
Where can I buy authentic Hawaiian quilt patterns?
Authentic Hawaiian quilt patterns can be found at quilt shops in Hawaii, online retailers specializing in Hawaiian quilting supplies, and from independent quilters. Also, visit the Hawaiian Quilt Collection for traditional and modern patterns.
Is Hawaiian quilting only for women?
Traditionally, Hawaiian quilting was primarily practiced by women. However, today, people of all genders enjoy and participate in the art of Hawaiian quilting.
I want to start. What kind of cost should I expect?
Starting with a very small project, such as a cushion cover approximately (18″ x 18″), with relatively simple designs, the cost can be around $50 to $100 for materials like fabrics, batting, thread, and basic tools like needles, scissors, and marking pens. This cost generally doesn’t include sewing classes/workshops which costs an average of $50 to $100 per class/workshop. The cost may vary based on the fabric and brand of tools used.
Call to Action
The art of Hawaiian quilting is a vibrant testament to the rich culture and skillful artistry of the islands. Whether you choose to admire these beautiful creations, learn the craft yourself, or purchase an authentic quilt to cherish, you’re engaging with a living tradition that connects the past, present, and future of Hawaii. Take a step towards preserving this legacy – explore a local quilt shop, attend a quilting workshop, or simply share the story of Hawaiian quilts with others. Let’s keep the spirit of aloha alive, one stitch at a time.
References
Arthur, Linda Boynton. Hawaiian Quilts: Tradition and Innovation. Honolulu: Honolulu Academy of Arts, 2004.
Taylor, Marion I. The Hawaiian Quilt. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1989.
The Hawaiian Quilt Collection. The Hawaiian Quilt Collection
