Lei making in Hawaii is far more than just stringing flowers together. It’s a profound expression of aloha, a tangible connection to the land, and a way to honor relationships and celebrate life’s milestones. It represents generosity, respect, and the spirit of giving, deeply embedded within the Hawaiian culture.
The History and Significance of Lei
The origins of lei making are interwoven with the history of the Hawaiian people. The Polynesians who first arrived in Hawaii brought with them the traditions of adornment using natural materials. These early lei were likely made from shells, seeds, nuts, feathers, and bones. Over time, as new plants were introduced and cultivated, flowers became increasingly important in lei making.
Lei were, and still are, used for a multitude of purposes. They are offered in greetings, farewells, celebrations, and as expressions of love, appreciation, or congratulations. A lei can signify rank and status, with specific types and materials reserved for chiefs or royalty. In ancient Hawaii, lei were also presented to the gods as offerings, demonstrating reverence and seeking favor. Even today, lei are central to many Hawaiian ceremonies and rituals, perpetuating their cultural significance.
One of the most important aspects of lei giving is the act of ha’awi, or giving. The lei is presented with the intention of sharing aloha and good will. The giver puts careful thought and effort into selecting the materials and crafting the lei, making it a truly personal and meaningful gift. The act of receiving a lei is itself an honor, signifying acceptance and connection.
Materials Used in Lei Making: A Palette of Nature
The materials used in lei making are as diverse and vibrant as the Hawaiian Islands themselves. Flowers are, of course, the most recognizable component, but lei can also be crafted from leaves, seeds, shells, feathers, nuts, and even seaweed.
Flowers: Some of the most popular flowers used in lei making include:
- Plumeria (Melia): Known for its intoxicating fragrance and vibrant colors, plumeria is a classic choice.
- Orchid (ʻOrkida): Orchids add a touch of elegance and sophistication, with varieties like dendrobium being commonly used.
- Pikake (Jasminum sambac): These tiny, intensely fragrant white flowers are often strung into delicate and cherished lei.
- Ilima: Traditionally used for royalty, ilima flowers are tiny, golden-yellow blossoms that symbolize importance. Because of the number of flowers, crafting one lei takes hundred of blossoms.
- Tuberose (Kupaloke): Another highly fragrant option, tuberoses are known for their waxy white petals and powerful scent, often used at night because of its nice aroma.
- Lokelani Rose: The official island flower of Maui, these fragrant roses are a beautiful addition to any lei.
Leaves: Leaves provide textural contrast and can carry their own symbolic meaning:
- Maile: A fragrant vine that represents peace and reconciliation, maile is often used in wedding lei and other ceremonial lei. It isn’t made of flowers, but leafy vines.
- Ti Leaf (Lā’ī): Thought to bring good luck and protection, ti leaves can be woven, braided, or used as a base for attaching other materials.
Seeds and Nuts: These add visual interest and can represent abundance and prosperity:
- Kukui Nuts: Polished kukui nuts create a distinctive and durable lei, once used for royalty.
- Job’s Tears (Pūpū): These pearly white seeds are often strung together to create delicate and unique lei.
Shells: Shells are a connection to the ocean and can represent beauty and resilience.
The sourcing of materials is also significant. Many lei makers grow their own flowers and plants, fostering a deep connection to the land. Others gather materials responsibly from the natural environment, always mindful of preserving the delicate ecosystem. Purchasing flowers and other materials from local farmers and florists supports the local economy and helps maintain the tradition of lei making.
Techniques of Lei Making: From Simple to Complex
Several different techniques are used to create lei, each resulting in a unique aesthetic. Here are some of the most common methods:
- Kui (Stringing): This is the most basic and widely used technique. Flowers, seeds, or other materials are strung onto a needle and thread, creating a continuous strand. The needle is passed through the center of the flower head, carefully pulling it onto the thread. This method is commonly used for plumeria, orchids, and pikake lei.
- Haku (Braiding): This technique involves braiding or plaiting strands of plant material, such as ferns, leaves, or vines. Flowers can be attached to the braid, creating a full and textured lei. Haku lei are often more durable and longer-lasting than strung lei. A haku head lei is one of the most stunning examples of this technique.
- Wili (Twisting): This involves wrapping flowers and other materials around a base, such as a strip of paper or fabric. The materials are secured with thread or raffia fiber, creating a dense and continuous lei. Wili lei often have a more organic and natural appearance.
- Hili (Braiding or Plaiting): Similar to haku, this technique typically utilizes a three-strand braid and incorporates flowers and foliage into the braid itself. This method creates a sturdy and beautiful lei.
- Lei Papale: Creating a hat lei, often using a lauhala hat as a base and attaching flowers and other materials using glue or thread. These are beautiful examples of a creative reuse of Hawaiian materials and an excellent conversation piece. These can incorporate any technique of flower arrangement.
Each technique requires practice and patience. Attending a lei-making workshop or learning from a knowledgeable practitioner is a great way to develop your skills and gain a deeper understanding of the art form. You can often find local tutorials on YouTube for a more basic introduction.
The Art of Giving and Receiving: Protocol and Etiquette
Giving and receiving lei is governed by certain protocols and etiquette, reflecting the respect and aloha that are central to the tradition.
- Presentation: A lei should be presented with a gentle bow and a smile, accompanied by a heartfelt greeting. If possible, the lei should be placed around the recipient’s neck, ensuring that it drapes evenly on both sides. Avoid tossing it onto their head.
- Acceptance: When receiving a lei, accept it graciously and express your appreciation with a sincere “thank you” (mahalo). Wearing the lei immediately is customary, demonstrating respect for the giver and the tradition.
- Placement: A lei should be worn around the neck, resting comfortably on the shoulders. It is generally considered impolite to remove a lei in the presence of the giver, unless you have a medical reason or are specifically asked to do so.
- Disposal: When you are finished with a lei, it should be disposed of respectfully. Traditionally, lei are returned to the earth, often hung on a tree, buried, or returned to the ocean. Avoid throwing them in the trash.
- Pregnancy: A closed lei should not be given to a pregnant woman because it is believed to represent the umbilical cord wrapped around the baby’s neck. Instead, give her an open lei.
By following these simple guidelines, you can ensure that you are participating in the tradition of lei giving and receiving in a respectful and meaningful way.
Lei Making as a Cultural Preservation: Keeping the Tradition Alive
In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of preserving the cultural traditions of Hawaii, including lei making. Many individuals, organizations, and communities are actively working to ensure that this art form continues to thrive for generations to come.
Educational programs, workshops, and demonstrations are offered throughout the islands, teaching both residents and visitors about the history, techniques, and cultural significance of lei making. These programs often emphasize the importance of using sustainable practices and sourcing materials responsibly.
Lei competitions and festivals provide opportunities for lei makers to showcase their skills, share their knowledge, and celebrate the art form. These events also serve as a platform for promoting cultural awareness and fostering a sense of community. One of the most celebrated events is Lei Day on May 1st, a holiday celebrated throughout the state. Here, communities gather to share and perpetuate the spirit of Hawaiian culture and arts.
The resurgence of interest in Hawaiian language and culture has also contributed to the revitalization of lei making. As more people learn about the significance of the materials and techniques used in lei making, they are better equipped to appreciate and perpetuate this cultural tradition. If you are going to give a lei, try to learn at least a few basic Hawaiian phrases like Aloha (Love, Greetings), Mahalo (Thank you) and ʻOluʻolu (You’re Welcome) to further demonstrate your respect.
Lei Making: A Practical Guide for Beginners
Interested in trying your hand at lei making? Here’s a simple guide to get you started:
- Gather your materials: You’ll need flowers, leaves, or other materials of your choice, a lei needle, thread (dental floss is a good option), and scissors.
- Prepare your flowers: Remove any excess leaves or stems from the flowers, leaving just the flower head.
- Thread the needle: Cut a length of thread about twice as long as the desired length of your lei. Thread the needle and tie a knot at the end of the thread.
- String the flowers: Gently push the needle through the center of the flower head, near the base. Slide the flower down the thread. Repeat this process until you have strung enough flowers to create the length of lei you want.
- Tie off the ends: Once you have finished stringing the flowers, carefully remove the needle and tie the two ends of the thread together securely. Trim any excess thread.
- Admire your creation: Your lei is now ready to wear or give as a gift!
Tips for Success:
- Use fresh flowers for the best results.
- Choose flowers with sturdy stems and vibrant colors.
- Keep the flowers moist while you are working with them to prevent them from wilting.
- Practice makes perfect! Don’t be discouraged if your first lei isn’t perfect. Keep trying until you get the hang of it.
Where to Learn More:
- Lei-making workshops: Many local organizations and florists offer lei-making workshops for beginners. Check your local community center or search online for workshops in your area.
- Online tutorials: Numerous online tutorials demonstrate the basic techniques of lei making. Search on YouTube or other video-sharing platforms for helpful instructions.
- Books and resources: Several books and websites provide detailed information on the history, techniques, and materials used in lei making.
Cost of Lei Making
Embarking on the journey of lei making can be surprisingly affordable, depending on your approach. Growing your own flowers is the most economical option, requiring an initial investment in seeds or cuttings, soil, and gardening supplies. The cost can range from $20 to $100 depending on how much you want to create. Purchasing flowers from local farmers or florists is another avenue. Prices can vary widely depending on the type of flower and its availability. For example, a bunch of plumeria might cost $5-$10, while rarer flowers like ilima can be significantly more expensive, sometimes $20 or higher for a small bunch. Remember, it takes hundreds of blossoms of ilima to create one lei.
Consider also the cost of lei-making tools. A basic lei needle and thread set is inexpensive, usually costing less than $10. If you plan on making lei frequently, investing in higher-quality tools might be worthwhile. Workshops can range from $30-$100.
Real-World Insights: Experiences from Lei Makers
To gain deeper insights into the art of lei making, I spoke with several experienced lei makers who shared their personal experiences and perspectives.
Auntie Lei, a lifelong lei maker from Kauai, told me: “Lei making is more than just a hobby for me; it’s a way to connect with my ancestors and share my aloha with others. When I make a lei, I put my heart and soul into it, imbuing it with positive energy and intentions. I hope that whoever receives my lei feels loved and appreciated.”
Keoni, a young lei maker from Oahu, shared: “I started learning lei making from my grandmother when I was a kid. At first, it was just a fun activity, but over time, I realized the deeper significance of it. Lei making is a way for me to express my creativity and connect with my Hawaiian heritage. It’s also a way for me to de-stress and find peace in a busy world.”
Malia, a lei maker who specializes in haku lei, explained: “Haku lei are particularly special because they require so much time and attention to detail. Each flower and leaf is carefully placed to create a harmonious and beautiful design. Making a haku lei is a labor of love, and it’s incredibly rewarding to see the finished product and know that you’ve created something truly unique and meaningful.”
These insights highlight the diverse motivations and experiences of lei makers, demonstrating the profound impact that this art form can have on individuals and communities.
FAQ Section
What is the best type of flower to use for a lei?
The best type of flower for a lei depends on personal preference and the occasion. Plumeria, orchids, pikake, and tuberose are all popular choices due to their fragrance, beauty, and durability. Ilima flowers, while traditionally used for lei-making, are best left to the professionals due to the high price and many small blossoms it takes to string a lei.
How long will a lei last?
The lifespan of a lei depends on the type of materials used and how it is stored. Generally, flower lei will last for one to three days if kept refrigerated in a plastic bag. Lei made from leaves, seeds, or shells can last much longer, sometimes for weeks or even months. To extend the life of a flower lei, mist it with water occasionally and avoid exposing it to direct sunlight or heat.
Can I ship a lei to someone on the mainland?
Yes, you can ship a lei to someone, but you need to take precautions to ensure that it arrives in good condition. Choose flowers that are relatively durable and pack the lei carefully in a sturdy box with cushioning material. Consider expedited shipping to minimize transit time. Research and select the transport carefully. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has rules in place to prevent non native plants from being transported into the mainland. Check with the local florist about shipping restrictions.
Is it okay to wear a lei if I am not Hawaiian?
Yes, it is perfectly acceptable for anyone to wear a lei, regardless of their ethnicity or background. Lei are a symbol of aloha and are given to anyone as an expression of love, friendship, or appreciation. By wearing a lei, you are participating in a cultural tradition and showing respect for the Hawaiian culture.
How can I dispose of a lei respectfully?
When you are finished with a lei, it should be disposed of respectfully. Throwing it in the trash is generally considered impolite. Instead, consider returning it to the earth by hanging it on a tree, burying it, or returning it to the ocean. This acknowledges the natural origins of the lei and completes the cycle of giving and receiving.
How do I preserve a lei as a keepsake?
Some flowers can be dried and kept as a souvenir–such as rose petals. If you want to keep the entire lei intact, consider flattening and pressing the lei between heavy books for several weeks. Once dried, it can be framed or stored in a safe place.
References
- Krauss, Beatrice H. Plants in Hawaiian Culture. University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
- Pukui, Mary Kawena, et al. Nānā i ke Kumu (Look to the Source), Vol. 1. Queen Lili’uokalani Children’s Center, 1972.
Ready to experience the aloha of lei making for yourself? Whether you’re planning a trip to Hawaii or simply want to learn more about this beautiful cultural tradition, I encourage you to delve deeper into the art of lei making. Attend a workshop, visit a local flower farm, or simply try making a lei at home using flowers from your own garden. By embracing the spirit of aloha and respecting the traditions of lei making, you can create a meaningful connection to the Hawaiian culture and share the beauty with others.
