Lei making is more than just stringing flowers together; it’s an art, a cultural practice, and a tangible connection to the natural world and the spirit of Hawaii. It’s a way of expressing aloha, celebrating life, and honoring ancestors. In this article, we’ll dive deep into the world of lei making, exploring its history, the different types of lei, the materials used, and how you can learn to create your own beautiful expressions of aloha.
The History and Significance of Lei
The origins of lei making in Hawaii are deeply rooted in Polynesian tradition. When the first Polynesian voyagers arrived in Hawaii, they brought with them the concept of adorning themselves with natural materials like flowers, leaves, shells, seeds, and feathers. These adornments weren’t just for beauty; they held deep spiritual and cultural significance. Lei were offered to the gods, worn by chiefs and royalty (ali’i), and exchanged as symbols of friendship, love, respect, and honor. The practice evolved over time, incorporating new materials and techniques, but the underlying spirit of aloha and connection to the land remained constant.
In ancient Hawaii, specific lei were associated with certain deities or occasions. For example, the Maile lei, made from the fragrant Maile vine, was often used in ceremonies and celebrations dedicated to the god Lono. The specific flowers and materials used in a lei could also convey a particular meaning or message. The tradition of lei giving continues to thrive today, and it’s a cornerstone of Hawaiian culture. It’s a gesture of welcoming, congratulations, farewell, or simply a way to show someone you care, reinforcing the Hawaiian values of sharing and connection. For example, leis are commonly given upon arrival at the airport, at graduations, weddings, and birthdays. Thinking about it, almost every special occasion in hawaii involves at least one lei.
Types of Lei: A World of Floral Expressions
The world of lei is incredibly diverse, with different types distinguished by the materials used, the techniques employed, and the occasions for which they are worn. Here are some of the most common and beloved types of lei:
Haku Lei: The haku lei is a braided or woven lei, typically made with fresh flowers, ferns, and other plant materials. It’s often worn on the head, but can also be worn around the neck or shoulders. The haku technique involves attaching the materials to a backing of braided or woven plant fibers, creating a durable and beautiful lei. Haku leis are often associated with special occasions like weddings, graduations, and hula performances because creating a Haku Lei often takes hours of effort and concentration.
Kui Lei: The kui lei is the most common type of lei, made by stringing flowers together using a needle and thread. It’s a simple yet beautiful way to create a lei, and it’s often the first type of lei that people learn to make. Plumeria, orchid, and carnation flowers are all popular choices for kui leis. Depending on the length and flowers used, a kui lei generally starts at $15 from standard vendors.
Wili Lei: The wili lei is a wrapped lei, made by wrapping plant materials around a base of plant fibers or paper. It’s a more intricate technique than the kui lei, and it creates a fuller, more textured lei. Wili leis often incorporate a variety of different plants and flowers, creating a unique and beautiful design.
Lei Hulu: The lei hulu is a feather lei, made by attaching feathers to a backing material. Feather leis are prized for their beauty and craftsmanship, and they were traditionally worn by Hawaiian royalty. Making a lei hulu is a time-consuming and skilled process, and these leis can be quite expensive.
Lei Pupu: The lei pupu is a shell lei, made by stringing shells together. Shell leis are often made with small, delicate shells, and they can be quite beautiful and unique. Lei Pupu are often found along the shores of Niihau, and require careful, intricate arrangement to showcase the natural beauty of shells.
Materials of the Trade: What Goes Into a Lei?
The beauty of lei making lies in its connection to nature and the abundance of materials that can be used. Here are some of the most common materials you’ll find in Hawaiian lei:
Flowers: Plumeria, orchids, pikake (jasmine), tuberose, carnations, roses, and hibiscus are just a few of the many flowers used in lei making. Each flower has its own unique fragrance, color, and symbolism.
Leaves and Foliage: Maile, ti leaves, ferns, and other green foliage are often used to add texture, color, and fragrance to leis. Maile, in particular, is highly prized for its sweet, distinctive scent.
Seeds and Nuts: Kukui nuts, Job’s tears (a type of seed), and coral seeds are sometimes used in lei making, adding a unique visual element and texture.
Shells: As mentioned earlier, shells can be used to create beautiful and unique lei. Small, delicate shells are often strung together to create intricate designs.
Feathers: The tradition continues, though feathers are now obtained ethically. Feather leis are rare and require a high level of craftsmanship.
Beyond the natural elements, you’ll need a few basic tools to get started with lei making, depending on the type of lei you want to create:
Needle and Thread: For kui leis, you’ll need a long, sturdy needle and strong thread. Dental floss works surprisingly well, or you can use special lei-making thread.
Scissors or Pruners: For trimming flower stems and leaves.
Raffia or Ribbon: For tying off the ends of leis.
Measuring Tape: For ensuring your lei is the right length.
Haku Lei Backing: If you’re making a haku lei, you’ll need a backing material like raffia, yarn, or even strips of fabric.
Lei Making Techniques: A Step-by-Step Guide
Now that you know about the different types of lei and the materials used, let’s delve into the techniques involved in creating your own lei. We’ll focus on the kui lei, as it’s the most accessible for beginners.
- Gather Your Materials: Choose your flowers, gather your needle and thread, scissors, and raffia or ribbon.
- Prepare Your Flowers: Trim the stems of your flowers to about 1-2 inches. You can also remove any leaves that might get in the way.
- Thread Your Needle: Cut a length of thread about twice the desired length of your lei. Thread the needle and tie a knot at the end.
- String Your Flowers: Gently pierce the base of each flower with the needle and slide it down the thread. Continue adding flowers until your lei reaches the desired length.
- Tie Off Your Lei: Once your lei is the right length, carefully remove the needle and tie the ends of the thread together securely. Trim off any excess thread.
- Add Finishing Touches: You can add a raffia or ribbon bow to the ends of your lei to cover the knot and add a decorative touch.
That’s it! You’ve created your first lei. With practice, you’ll become more proficient and can experiment with different types of flowers and techniques.
Where to Learn Lei Making: Workshops, Classes, and Online Resources
If you’re eager to learn more about lei making and hone your skills, there are several options available to you:
Lei Making Workshops: Many local community centers, botanical gardens, and cultural organizations offer lei making workshops. These workshops are a great way to learn the basics and get hands-on experience from experienced instructors. Look for workshops at places like the Foster Botanical Garden in Honolulu or local community centers in your area.
Lei Making Classes: Some vocational schools and community colleges offer longer-term lei making classes, which delve deeper into the history, techniques, and cultural significance of lei making.
Online Resources: YouTube is a treasure trove of lei making tutorials. Search for “how to make a lei” and you’ll find a wealth of videos demonstrating different techniques. There are also many websites and blogs dedicated to Hawaiian culture and crafts that offer instructions and tips on lei making, such as those found on the Hawai’i Tourism Authority website.
The Aloha Spirit and Lei Giving Etiquette
Giving and receiving lei is a deeply meaningful gesture in Hawaiian culture, and it’s important to understand the etiquette involved.
Presenting a Lei: When giving a lei, present it with a smile and a warm greeting. Gently place the lei around the recipient’s neck, taking care not to hit them in the face.
Receiving a Lei: When receiving a lei, accept it with gratitude and appreciation. It’s considered impolite to refuse a lei. Wear the lei with pride and respect.
Lei Etiquette: Never wear a lei that you intend to give away. Once a lei has been worn, it should be treated with respect. It’s also considered disrespectful to throw a lei away in the trash. Instead, you can return it to the earth by burying it in the garden, hanging it on a tree, or returning it to the ocean.
Beyond the practicalities, remember that the act of giving a lei should be driven by the aloha spirit. It’s a gesture of love, friendship, respect, and appreciation. Let your heart guide you, and your sincerity will be appreciated.
Sustainable Lei Making: Respecting the ʻĀina
As you delve into the art of lei making, it’s crucial to consider the environmental impact of your choices. Sustainable lei making practices are essential for preserving the beauty and abundance of the Hawaiian Islands – the ʻāina.
Source Locally and Responsibly: Whenever possible, source your flowers and other materials from local growers and vendors who practice sustainable farming methods. Avoid using endangered or protected species.
Grow Your Own: Consider growing your own flowers and plants for lei making. This is a great way to connect with the land and ensure that you’re using sustainable materials. Plumeria, ginger, and certain types of orchids are relatively easy to grow in Hawaii’s climate.
Compost or Return to the Earth: When the flowers or plants from your lei have faded, compost them or return them to the earth. Avoid throwing them in the trash.
Avoid Single-Use Plastics: Say “no” to plastic bags and containers when purchasing materials for lei making. Bring your own reusable bags and containers instead.
Educate Others: Share your knowledge of sustainable lei making practices with others. By educating others, you can help to promote a more sustainable and responsible approach to this beautiful art form.
The Cost of Lei Making: Budgeting for Beauty
The cost of lei making can vary widely depending on the types of materials you use, where you source them, and whether you’re taking a class or workshop. Here’s a general idea of what you can expect to spend:
Materials: If you’re sourcing your own materials, you can expect to spend anywhere from $5 to $20 or more on flowers, depending on the type and quantity. Other materials like thread, raffia, and needles are relatively inexpensive.
Workshops and Classes: Lei making workshops typically cost between $30 and $75 per person, depending on the length of the workshop and the materials provided. Longer-term classes can cost several hundred dollars.
Pre-Made Leis: If you prefer to purchase pre-made leis, you can expect to spend anywhere from $15 to $50 or more, depending on the type of lei and the vendor. For a simple orchid lei, expect to pay around $20. Elaborate Haku leis can cost upwards of $100.
To save money on lei making, consider growing your own flowers, sourcing materials from local farmers’ markets, or joining a lei making club where you can share materials and techniques with others. You can even forage for flowers for your Lei by following rules and respecting the land. Remember only to harvest flowers if they are in abundance, and only take what you intend to use for the lei-making practice.
Lei Making as a Form of Meditation and Connection
Beyond its cultural and artistic significance, lei making can also be a deeply meditative and therapeutic activity. The repetitive motions of stringing flowers together, the focus required to create a beautiful design, and the connection to nature can all be incredibly calming and centering. It’s a wonderful way to slow down, quiet your mind, and connect with your creativity.
Many lei makers describe the process as a form of moving meditation. As you work with the flowers, you become more aware of their texture, fragrance, and beauty. You connect with the energy of the plants and the natural world. You might find yourself reflecting on the people you’re making the lei for, sending them your love and good wishes. It is an active way of showing love to others. Lei making can be a way to express gratitude for the beauty of life.
FAQ Section
What is the best type of flower to use for lei making?
There’s no single “best” flower for lei making. The best flower depends on your personal preference, the occasion for which you’re making the lei, and the availability of flowers. Plumeria, orchids, pikake, tuberose, carnations, roses, and hibiscus are all popular choices.
How long does a lei last?
The lifespan of a lei depends on the type of flowers used and how it’s stored. Some leis, like those made with orchids, can last for several days if kept refrigerated. Others, like leis made with plumeria, may only last for a day or two. To prolong the life of your lei, mist it with water and store it in the refrigerator in a plastic bag.
Is it okay to wear a lei more than once?
Yes, it’s perfectly acceptable to wear a lei more than once, as long as it’s still in good condition. However, you should avoid wearing a lei that is wilting or past its prime.
What should I do with a lei after I’m finished wearing it?
It’s considered disrespectful to throw a lei away in the trash. Instead, you can return it to the earth by burying it in the garden, hanging it on a tree, or returning it to the ocean.
Can I ship a lei to someone?
Yes, you can ship a lei to someone, but it’s important to pack it carefully to ensure that it arrives in good condition. Wrap the lei in damp paper towels and place it in a plastic bag. Then, pack the bag in a sturdy box with plenty of padding. Ship the lei overnight to ensure that it arrives as quickly as possible. Before shipping, check the recipient’s and your state’s agricultural guidelines. Some flowers and foliage may be restricted from being shipped interstate due to potential invasive species concerns. For a general guideline, see the USDA Bringing Plants and Plant Products into the United States information page.
References
- Amy Stillman, Sacred Groves and Tourist Gulches: Performance Contexts in the Hawaiian Islands.
- Honolulu Magazine Archives.
- Noelani Kirschner, Teaching ‘Ōlelo Hawai’i in the 21st Century: Language Instruction Rooted in Hawaiian Values.
Ready to embrace the authentic spirit of aloha and craft your own beautiful creations? Take a lei making workshop. Visit a local flower market and experiment with different blooms. Connect with the ‘āina and let your creativity flow. Making leis is more than a craft. It is an expression of the heart, a tangible link to Hawaiian heritage, and a joyful way to share the spirit of aloha with others. Start your lei making journey today and discover the magic for yourself! Aloha!
